• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

Locoregional failure is the most frequent pattern of failure in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients and it leads to death in most of the patients. Second primary tumors occurring in the other head and neck region reach up to almost 40% of long-term survivors. Recommended and preferred retreatment option in operable patients is salvage surgical resection, reporting a 5-year overall survival of up to 40%. However, because of tumor location, extent, and underlying comorbidities, salvage surgery is often limited and compromised by incomplete resection. Reirradiation with or without combined chemotherapy is an appropriate option for unresectable recurrence. Reirradiation is carefully considered with a case-by-case basis. Reirradiation protocol enrollment is highly encouraged prior to committing patient to an aggressive therapy. Radiation doses greater than 60 Gy are usually recommended for successful salvage. Despite recent technical improvement in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), the use of concurrent chemotherapy, and the emergence of molecularly targeted agents, careful patient selection remain as the most paramount factor in reirradiation. Tumors that recur or persist despite aggressive prior chemoradiation therapy imply the presence of chemoradio-resistant clonogens. Treatment protocols that combine novel targeted radiosensitizing agents with conformal high precision radiation are required to overcome the resistance while minimizing toxicity. Recent large number of data showed that IMRT may provide better locoregional control with acceptable acute or chronic morbidities. However, additional prospective studies are required before a definitive conclusion can be drawn on safety and effectiveness of IMRT.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.146-152
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• 1987

Sorghum cv. Pioneer 93 1, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid cv. Sioux and maize plant cv. Blizzard were assayed for toxic concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) and their relationship to morphological characteristics and environmental temperature in a field and phytotron trial. In the phytotron, sorghum and maize plants ranging from emergence to heading stage, were grown under different day/night temperatures of 30125, 25/20,28/18 and 1818 degree C. Nitrate-nitrogen in sorghum and maize plants was accumulated mainly in stems. Therefore nitrate concentration in the young plants was increased as development of stalks advanced and was highest at the stage of 3-4 leaves, when the plants had a leaf weight ratio 0.78-0.80 g/g plant weight. However, nitrate concentrations of the plant decreased as morphological development progressed, especially from the stage of growing point differentiation. Correlation coefficients showed a positive correlation of nitrate concentration with leaf weight ratio, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area, while plant height, dry matter percentage and absolute growth rate showed a negative association with TEX>$NO_3$-N ($P{\le}0.1$%). Cyanogenic glycosides, total nitrogen and crude protein were close associated with nitrate accumulation, and positively significant ($P{\le}0.1$%). High temperature over 30/25^{\circ}C.$ for 3 weeks increased N-uptake and dry matter accumulation, but reduced nitrate concentration. Under cold temperature below 18/8^{\circ}C.$ concentration of nitrate-N was increased in spite of its limited nitrogen uptake and plant growth.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1544-1550
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• 2015

Recently, the development of practical wearable robot interfaces has resulted in the emergence of wearable robots such as arm prosthetics or lower-limb exoskeletons. In this paper, we propose a novel method of wrist movement intention estimation based on a regression technique using electromyography of human bio-signals. In daily life, changes in user arm position changes cause decreases in performance by modulating EMG signals. Therefore, we propose an estimation method for robust wrist movement intention for arm position changes, combining several movement intention models based on the regression technique trained by different arm positions. In our experimental results, our method estimates wrist movement intention more accurately than previous methods.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.1_2
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• pp.21-27
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• 1979

Sandy loam plots of pH 5.5, which was created by the reclamation of highlands in Yongin county, Kyeonggi province, was selected for the present experimental study. Sugar beet was cultured in these plots by treating them with calcium hydroxide and 3 replications to maintain pH 5.5, 6.4, 6.8, 7.2, and 7.6, respectively. The growth and yield of sugar beet were investigated and the results obtained showed a great deal of boron deficiency. The growth in its early stage was favorable in high pH plots, while no significant difference was observed in sugar content, root weight and sugar production at the time of harvest in each treated plot. The tendency of sugar accumulation appeared to be identical in terms of pattern in each treated plot; i.e. sugar was accumulated until early September but declined momentarily from the middle of September and then the sugar accumulation was resumed from the middle of October. The number of individuals in boron deficiency was larger in high pH plots and the condition of such boron deficiency was also severe. The result of analysis of boron contained in plant body revealed that the boron content of individuals caused boron deficiency by water culture and that occurred in the plots was small alike. The appearance of boron deficiency is characterized by the emergence of black stripes on the surface of the basal part of petiole, severe necrosis of young leaves in the area of growing point and severe wrinkles. Therefore it is felt necessary to pay particular attention to boron deficiency in the culture of sugar beet in our country.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2010

The ecotoxicological effects of two antibiotics, fenbendazole and lincomycin, were observed in the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus japonicus s.l. collected from tidal pools in the southern coast of Korea. Fenbendazole had a significant effect on the survival rates (p < 0.05), delay of copepodite emergence, and urosome size (p < 0.05). Lincomycin, on the other hand, had no significant influence on these environmental indicators. However, our analysis of morphological abnormalities in T. japonicus s.l. showed that lincomycin was more effective than fenbendazole in causing deformities. The pattern of deformity was diverse, with fused segments, and loss or addition of setae in the swimming legs. All of these patterns appeared as a result of relatively low concentrations of this antibiotic (0.3, $1\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$). We report here patterns of morphological abnormality in T. japonicus s.l. exposed to antibiotics, and suggest their possible application in ecotoxicological monitoring.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

An operation of an organization is currently using a digital environment which opens to potential cyber-attacks. These phenomena become worst as the cyberattack landscape is changing rapidly. The impact of cyber-attacks varies depending on the scope of the organization and the value of assets that need to be protected. It is difficult to assess the damage to an organization from cyberattacks due to a lack of understanding of tools, metrics, and knowledge on the type of attacks and their impacts. Hence, this paper aims to identify domains and sub-domains of cyber-attack taxonomy to facilitate the understanding of cyber-attacks. Four phases are carried in this research: identify existing cyber-attack taxonomy, determine and classify domains and sub-domains of cyber-attack, and construct the enhanced cyber-attack taxonomy. The existing cyber-attack taxonomies are analyzed, domains and sub-domains are selected based on the focus and objectives of the research, and the proposed taxonomy named AVOIDITALS Cyber-attack Taxonomy is constructed. AVOIDITALS consists of 8 domains, 105 sub-domains, 142 sub-sub-domains, and 90 other sub-sub-domains that act as a guideline to assist administrators in determining cyber-attacks through cyber-attacks pattern identification that commonly occurred on digital infrastructure and provide the best prevention method to minimize impact. This research can be further developed in line with the emergence of new types and categories of current cyberattacks and the future.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

Plant tissue culture techniques offer quick methods of regeneration of plants of medicinal importance but the survival chances of such plants are always questionable when shifted to the in vivo conditions. The present study enumerates the micromorphological developments in the leaves of in vitro regenerated and field transferred plantlets of Oldenlandia umbellata. The leaves developed in vitro after $4^{th}$ subcultures of multiplication phase and after 6 weeks of field transferred plants were used. Statistically significant differences in the number of stomata, veins, raphides, crystals and trichome density per square mm were observed. The improvements in stomatal apparatus and density (decreased from 41.85 to 32.20), developments in leaf architectural parameters and emergence of defense mechanism through increased numbers of raphides (8 to 15), crystals and trichomes (13.5 to 18.2) proved acclimation of tissue culture raised plantlets from in vitro to the in vivo environments lead to 100 % success in field establishment of the plantlets. The in vitro induced foliar abnormalities (changes in stomata, venation pattern, vein density, trichomes, crystals etc.) were repaired while hardening of plantlets in the greenhouse and finally in the field. The observed micromorphological response of leaves under altered environmental conditions could help in determination of proper stage of field transfer and prediction of survival percentage of in vitro regenerated O. umbellata plantlets.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2007

This study was conducted to examine the pattern and characteristics of flowering and leaf emergence for twenty two kinds of the genus of Lycoris sp. One species of Lycoris was flowered on July to August, twelve species on August, and nine species on September. Shape of flowers were as follows : Nine species belong to L. radiara-shaped flower, seven species L. squamigera-shaped flower, and seven species the intermediate type. Flower color of three kind were an order of descent red and pink. seven kind white, four kind yellow, three kind orange, and two kind purple colors. Ten Lycoris species were good fertile, and two kinds were poor fertile. The average length of pollen grain was ranged from $48.53\;to\;88.62{\mu}m$, and the width from $22.87\;to\;33.67{\mu}m$. Eleven kinds were spring-leaf emergence type, and ten kind autumn-leaf emergence types. Hunter values in leaves were as follows : $L^*$ value was ranged from 31.6 to 45.2; $a^*$ values from -6.74 to -17.46; $b^*$ values from 6.19 to 21.89 Leaf width was ranged from 0.90 to 2.35cm, and its shape was oblong. The length of epidermal cells was 0.33 to 0.75mm, and the width was $38.53\;to\;90.00{\mu}m$. Most of stomata were distributed in the back side of leaves. The length of stomata was ranged from $67.12\;to\;104.89{\mu}m$, and its width was from $14.90\;to\;71.52{\mu}m$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.230-237
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• 1990

Studies were carried out to examine seasonal occurrence and emergence pattern of the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meigen), in the field of Chinju city in Gyeongnam province from 1984 to 1987. Trap catch revealed that the onion fly had three generations in a year, the second flight being partial; the peaks of adult occurrence were at mid April for the overwintered generation (1st flight), at early June for the first generation (2nd flight), and at the period from late September to early October for the autumn generation (3rd flight). It was shown that parts of the pupae in the first and almost all of the pupae in the second (or autumn) generation underwent summer diapause. The pupal periods were less than 22.4 days for the non-diapaused pupae, while those of the diapause. The pupal periods were less than 22.4 days for the non-diapaused pupae, while those of the diapaused pupae were form 8.5 to 145 days in the first generation in he filed, being shorter for the pupae pupated later. This resutled in synchronization on the emergence of these diapaused pupae at late September, with the adults from the second generation pupae. The ratio of diapausing pupae increased among the later pupated ones in the first generation ; the pupae which had been pupated in early May included 43.8% of diapausing pupae, while more than 86.7% of the pupae were under diapausing state for the pupae pupated in late May and thereafter. More than 93.3% of the pupae went into diapause, regardless of pupation time for the second generation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2017

We analyzed the variation in occurrence time and intensity of attacks by the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) on several crops. This study aimed to understand how C. suppressalis damages crops and to utilize this basic data for the establishment of environment-friendly control methods like pheromone traps. This study surveyed the changes in occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis, biological characteristics of overwintering larvae, and the efficacy of different types of pheromone traps the years. We found similar occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis in different crops. In addition, occurrence time of the first generation was advanced. Overwintering larvae showed no difference in pupal period and weight compared to the non-overwintering ones. However, the larval period was reduced to 19.1 days in Miscanthus field, in contrast to that in the paddy fields. It was confirmed that larvae of C. suppressalis generally prefer the lower part of the stems of Miscanthus. Efficiency of the emergence trap was confirmed to be greater than that of the delta trap for capturing C. suppressalis adults. However, it is necessary to adjust the control period because of the advancement in occurring time of C. suppressalis in recent years. The larvae of C. suppressalis experience favorable environmental conditions for overwintering in Miscanthus fields. The major Miscanthus fields are generally located in the areas protected for sources of drinking water, owing to which spraying of chemical pesticides is very limited. The results of this study provide important inputs for the development of environment-friendly control methods.