• 약학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.444-449
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• 1995

Primary cultures of rat cortical and chicken embryonic brain cells were employed to establish a reliable screening method for natural products blocldng or enhancing glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Exposure of primary cultured rat cortical cells or chicken embryonic brain cells to high dose of glutamate resulted in the fragmentation of neutites and consequent neuronal death. The level of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), indicator for cell survival in cultures, was significantly reduced at exposure to glutamate. For the practical application of the methods, series of concentrations of plants extracts and positive control were applied prior to the glutamate insult on primary cultures of rat cortical and chicken embryonic, brain cells. Relative LDH level in cells was measured for the estimation of the effect of the test materials on the glutamatergic neurons. The validity of the present screening method for natural products acting on glutamatergic neurons was examined with dextromethorphan, a known glutamatergic antagonist. The treatment of 100 $\mu{M}$ dextromethorphan prevented the reduction of LDH in rat cortical and chicken embryonic brain cells caused by glutamate insult keeping 60% and 90% of LDH level in normal control, respectively. Above results indicate that primary cultures of rat cortical and chicken embryonic brain cells could be proper systems for the screening of potential natural agents acting on glutamatergic, neurons. Between the two types of cultures, primary culture of chicken embryonic brain cells seemed to be a better system for the primary screening, since it is technically easier and economical compared to that of rat cortical cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.416-423
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• 2007

Alterations in the glycan chains of cell surface glycoconjugates are frequently involved biological processes such as cell-cell interaction, cell migration, differentiation and development. Cultured embryonic (E18) rat cortical neurons underwent apoptosis in response to camptothecin, and lectin histochemistry showed that binding to apoptotic neurons of FITC-conjugated Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), which is specific for terminal ${\alpha}2,3$-sialic acid residues, increased progressively with increasing concentrations of camptothecin. Analysis of the total proteins of apoptotic neurons by SDS-PAGE, and lectin blotting using HRP-labeled MAA, revealed that the expression of terminal ${\alpha}2,3$-sialic acid residues on an unknown protein with an apparent molecular mass of 25.6 kDa also increased in apoptotic neurons. NP-HPLC analysis of the total cellular N-glycans of normal and apoptotic neurons demonstrated that the expression of structurally simpler biantennary types of N-glycans fell by 49% during apoptosis whereas the more branched triantennary types of N-glycans with terminal sialic acid residues increased by up to 59%. These results suggest that increased surface expression of ${\alpha}2,3$-sialic acid residues and hyperglycosylation of N-glycans is a common feature of cellular responses to changes in cell physiology such as tumorigenesis and apoptosis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.343-347
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• 1994

Effects of betaine on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity were examined on primary culturs of chicken embryonic brain cells and on rat cortical cultures. Betaine was found to attenuate glutamate-induced neurotoxicity both morphologically and biochemically. A 30 min exposure of chicken embryonic brain cells cultured for 12 days to 500 .mu.M glutamate produced wide-spread acute neuronal swelling and neurtic fragmentation. A 2-h pretreatment of cultured chicken embryonic brain cells with i mM betaine prior to a 30 min exposure to 500 , mu, M glutamate significantly raised the survival rate of neurons in the culture. When chicken embryonic brain cells were pretreated for 2 h with i mM betaine followed by exposure to 100 .mu.M glutamate for 42 h, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 62% of .mu.M untreated control values while glutamate-treated control fell to 0% lactate dehydrogenase. Betaine also exerted attenuating effects on N-methyl-D-asparte-, kainate-and quisqualate-induced neurotoxicity in a similar manner to that observed with glutamate. Similar neuroprotective effects of betaine with rat cortical cultures.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2012

In vertebrates, there are two variants of eukaryotic peptide elongation factor 1A (eEF1A; formerly eEF-$1{\alpha}$), eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, which have three well-conserved domains ($D_I$, $D_{II}$, and $D_{III}$). In neurons, eEF1A1 is the embryonic type, which is expressed during embryonic development as well as the first two postnatal weeks. In the present study, EGFP-tagged eEF1A1 truncates were expressed in cortical neurons isolated from rat embryo (E18-19). Live cell images of transfected neurons showed that $D_{III}$-containing EGFP-fusion proteins (EGFP-$D_{III}$, -$D_{II-III}$, -$D_{I-III}$) formed clusters that were confined within somatodendritic domains, while $D_{III}$-missing ones (EGFP-$D_I$, -$D_{II}$, -$D_{I-II}$) and control EGFP were homogeneously dispersed throughout the neuron including axons. In dendrites, EGFP-$D_{III}$ was targeted to the heads of spine- and filopodia-like protrusions, where it was colocalized with $SynGAP{\alpha}$, a postsynaptic marker. Our data indicate that $D_{III}$ of eEF1A1 mediates formation of clusters and localization to spines.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권12호
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• pp.1337-1347
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• 2009

목 적:타우린은 술폰 기를 산기로 하는 황 아미노산의 일종이며 뇌, 망막, 심장, 근육에 많이 분포되어 있다. 최근 국소적 뇌허혈에 대한 타우린의 신경보호효과에 관한 연구들이 발표되고 있으나 대부분 연구가 성인의 뇌졸중의 치료에 대한 연구이며 신생아시기의 저산소성 손상에 대한 효과를 구체적으로 연구한 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 타우린이 저산소 상태로 유발된 뇌세포 배양과 신생 백서의 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상에서 항세포사멸사를 통한 뇌보호 효과가 있는지를 알아보고자 실험하였다. 방 법:재태기간 18일된 태아 흰쥐의 대뇌피질 세포를 배양하여 1% $O_2$ 배양기에서 저산소 상태로 뇌세포 손상을 유도하여 저산소군, 손상 전 후 타우린 투여군($30{\mu}g/mL$)으로 나누어 정상산소군과 비교하였다. 세포사멸사와 관련을 알아보기 위해 Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 primer와 항체로 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응과 western blotting을 하였다. 또한, 생후 7일된 백서의 좌측 총 경동맥을 결찰한 후 저산소(8% $O_2$) 상태로 2시간 노출시켜서, 저산소성 허혈성 뇌 손상을 유발하였고, 뇌손상 전 후 30분에 타우린을 체중 kg당 30 mg을 투여하였다. 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상 후 1일, 3일, 1주, 2주, 4주 째 뇌를 적출하여 Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 primer를 이용하여 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응을 하였고, 동일 항체로 western blotting하였다. 결 과:저산소로 유발된 뇌세포 배양에서 정상군에 비해 저산소군에서 뇌세포 손상이 많았고 저산소 손상전 타우린 투여군에서 뇌세포 손상이 회복되었으며 저산소 손상 후 타우린 투여군에서는 저산소 손상 전 투여군보다 회복력이 떨어졌다. 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응과 western blotting을 이용한 저산소 상태의 태아 백서 뇌세포 배양 실험뿐만 아니라 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상 동물 모델에서도 타우린을 투여한 경우 Bcl-2의 발현은 증가하고, Bax/Bcl-2의 비율, Bax와 caspase-3의 발현은 감소함을 보였다. 결 론:본 연구에서 타우린은 주산기 저산소성 허혈성 뇌손상에서 Bcl-2 발현 감소, Bax와 caspase-3 발현 증가를 유발시켜 항 세포사멸사 기전을 통한 신경보호 역할을 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 이것은 저산소 손상 후 1주와 2주째에 가장 효과가 있었다.