• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2024

In this paper, a method to quantitatively predict the reduction in fracture resistance with thermal embrittlement using micro indentation test. The change in hardness of δ-ferrite with thermal embrittlement is characterized using a concept of hardening constant. Then, thermal embrittlement constant to predict the reduction in fracture resistance with thermal embrittlement is derived from the relation between hardening constant and thermal embrittlement constant. Finally, the reduction in fracture resistance with thermal embrittlement is predicted by multiplying thermal embrittlement constant obtained from micro indentation test by J-R curve of unaged material. The validity of the hardening constant concept is confirmed by comparing the prediction and experimental results.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.112-118
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• 2013

In this study, constant loading test (CLT) was performed to evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement resistance for multipass FCA weld metals of 600MPa tensile strength grade. The microstructures of weld metal-2 having the smallest carbon equivalent (Ceq=0.37) consisted of grain boundary ferrite and widmanstatten ferrite in the acicular ferrite matrix. The weld metal-1 having the largest Ceq=0.47, showed the microstructures of grain boundary ferrite, widmanstatten ferrite and the large amount of bainite (vol.%=19%) in the acicular ferrite matrix. The weld metal-3 having the Ceq=0.41, which was composed of grain boundary ferrite, widmanstatten ferrite, and the small amount of bainite (vol.%=9%) in the acicular ferrite matrix. Hydrogen desorption spectrometry (TDS) used to analyze the amount of diffusible hydrogen and trapping site for the hydrogen pre-charged specimens electrochemically for 24 hours. With increasing the current density of hydrogen pre-charging, the released amount of diffusible hydrogen was increased. Furthermore, as increasing carbon equivalent of weld metals, the released diffusible hydrogen was increased. The main trapping sites of diffusible hydrogen for the weld metal having a low carbon equivalent (Ceq=0.37) were grain boundaries and those of weld metals having a relatively high carbon equivalent (Ceq: 0.41~0.47) were grain boundaries and dislocation. The fracture time for the hydrogen pre-charged specimens in the constant loading test was decreased as the carbon equivalent increased from 0.37 to 0.47. This result is mainly due to the increment of bainite that is vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.283-288
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• 2003

The cathodic protection method is being widely used in marine structural steel, however a high tensile steel like RE 36 steel for marine structural steel is easy to get hydrogen embrittlement due to over protection during cathodic protection as well as preferential corrosion of HAZ(Heating Affected Zone) part. In this paper, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties such as elongation and hydrogen embrittlement were investigated with not only in terms of electrochemical view but also SSRT(Slow Strain Rate Test) method with applied constant cathodic potential, analysis of SEM fractography in case of both As-welded and PWHT(Post-Weld Heat Treatment) of $550^{\circ}C$. The best effect for corrosion resistance was apparently indicated at PWHT of $550^{\circ}C$ and elongation was increased with PWHT of $550^{\circ}C$ than that of As-welded condition. On the other hand. Elongation was decreased with applied potential shifting to low potential direction which may be caused by hydrogen embrittlement, however the susceptibility of hydrogen embrittlement was decreased with PWHT of $550^{\circ}C$ than that of As-welded condition and Q.C(quasi cleavage) fracture mode was also observed significantly according to increasing of susceptibility of hydrogen embrittlement. Eventually it is suggested that an optimum cathodic protection potential range not causing hydrogen embrittlernent is from -770 mV(SCE) to -850 mV(SCE) in As-welded condition while is from -770 mV(SCE) to -875 mV(SCE) in PWHT of $550^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

Pure titanium and its alloys have good formability, excellent corrosion resistance and high strength to weight ratios. Therefore, it has been using to heat exchangers, offshore plants, sports equipments, and etc. As broad as its application fields, it also increases welding locations. Conventional GTAW and GMAW are very popular welding methods of titanium, but it has a high heat input and wide HAZ. It has a possibility of inducing Stress Corrosion Cracking. So, laser welding method has been using to get reliable welds by reducing heat input. Weld beads change its color to silver, gold, brown, blue, and gray by shied conditions. And the closer to gray, the more oxidize, nitride and embrittlement. The most effective atom to embrittlement was nitrogen. And shield gas flow was not so effective over the constant flow rates. In this study, weld properties of the pure titanium were investigated by pulsed & CW Nd:YAG lasers and evaluated by various shield conditions. And It is observed that nitrogen is more effective to oxidation and embrittlement of titanium compared with oxygen by oxygen and nitrogen quantitative analysis.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.460-469
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• 2000

A study on the corrosion behavior of RE36 steel for marine structure was investigated with parameters such as micro-Vickers hardness, corrosion potential and corrosion current density measurement of weld metal(WM), base metal (BM) and heat affected zone(HAZ), Al anode generating current and Al anode weight loss quantity in case of cathodic protection. And we carried out slow strain rate test(SSRT) in order to research mechanical properties such as stress at maximum load, percent strain, time to fracture and strain to failure ratio etc and to find out limiting cathodic polarization potential for hydrogen embrittlement with applied cathodic polarization potential. Hardness of HAZ part was the highest among those three parts and also galvanic corrosion susceptibility was the highest in HAZ part among those three parts due to the lowest corrosion potential than other parts. However corrosion current density was the highest in WM part among those three parts. And the optimum cathodic polarization potential showing the best mechanical properties obtained by SSRT method with applied constant cathodic potential was from - 770mV to - 875mV(SCE). However it is suggested that limiting cathodic polarization potential indicating hydrogen embrittlement on the mechanical properties was under - 900mV(SCE).

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

Materials in nuclear power plants can be embrittled by neutron irradiation. According to existing studies, the effect of the material property by irradiation embrittlement can be approximately simulated by cold working (pre-strain). In this study, finite element damage analysis method using the stress-modified fracture strain model is proposed to predict J-Resistance curves of irradiated SUS316 stainless steel. Experimental data of pre-strained SUS316 stainless steel material are obtained from literature and the damage model is determined by simulating the tensile and fracture toughness tests. In order to consider damage caused by the pre-strain, a pre-strain constant is newly introduced. Experimental J-Resistance curves for various degrees of pre-strain are well predicted.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.97-105
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• 2000

The stress corrosion cracking(SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement cracking(HEC) characteristics of a weathering steel weldment were investigated in aerated acid-chloride solution. The electrochemical properties of weldment were investigated by polarization test and galvanic corrosion test. Weathering steel did not show passive behavior in the acid-chloride solution. Galvanic corrosion between the weld metal and the base metal was not observed because the base metal was anodic to the weld metal. The slow-strain-rate tests(SSRT0 were conducted at a constant strain rate o 7.87×{TEX}$10^{-7}${/TEX}/s at corrosion potential, and at potentiostatically controlled anodic and cathodic potentials. The weldment of weathering steel was susceptible to both anodic dissolution SCC and hydrogen evolution HEC.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1107-1113
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• 2002

This study presents the hydrogen emblittlement in the metal, which decreases the ductility and then induces the brittle fracture. The contribution deals with the effect of strain rate and notch geometry on hydrogen emblittlement of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo and 2.25Cr-1Mo steels, which are in use at high pressure vessel. Smooth and notched specimens were examined to obtain the elongation and tensile strength. For charging the hydrogen in the metal, the cathodic electrolytic method was used. In this process, current density is maintained constant. The amount of hydrogen penetrated in the specimen was detected by the hydrogen determenator(LECO RH404) with the various charging time. The distribution of hydrogen concentration penetrated in the specimen was obtained by finite element analysis. The amount of hydrogen is high in smooth specimen and tends to concentrate in the vicinity of surface. The elongation and tensile strength decreased with the passage of charging time in 1.25Cr-0.5Mo and 2.25Cr-1Mo steels. The elongation increased and tensile strength decreased as strain rate increased. As a result of this study, it is supposed that 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel is more sensitive than 2.25Cr-lMo steel in hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of notched specimen after hydrogen charging is more remarkable than that of smooth specimen.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.130-135
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• 2012

Hydrogen charging was electrochemically conducted at high strength DP steels and TRIP steel with varying charging time. The penetration depths and the mechanical properties with charging conditions were investigated through the distribution of micro-hardness and the microstructural observation of the subsurface zone. The micro-Vickers hardness was measured to evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement of subsurface zone in addition to the microscope investigation. It was shown that the hydrogen amounts decreased in DP steels and TRIP steel with increasing hydrogen charging time. As shown by micro-Vickers hardness test and small punch test results, micro-Vickers hardness and SP energy for DP steels and TRIP steel decreased with increasing hydrogen charging time, for constant value of charging current density. SEM investigation results for the hydrogen contained samples showed that the major fracture behavior was brittle fracture which results in dimples on fractured surface and the size of dimples were decreased with increasing hydrogen charging time. These results indicate that hydrogen embrittlement is the major cause for the fracture of high strength steels and also micro-Vickers hardness test and small punch test is a valuable test method for hydrogen embrittlement of high strength sheet steels.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.382-388
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• 2023

In this study, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior of a SA-723 steel via controlling gaseous hydrogen pre-charging condition has been analyzed. The gaseous hydrogen charging of the SA-723 steel was performed under a constant pressure of 20 MPa of gaseous H₂ at 150℃ and 300℃ for 2 and 6h, and TDS, SSRT and Charpy tests were conducted to analyze the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior of the SA-723 steel. Furthermore, prior to commencing the test, these specimens were coated with Zn to prevent hydrogen from diffusing out of a specimen during the tests. The TDS results showed that the 300℃-6h and 150℃-6h charged steels contain larger amounts of hydrogen than 300℃-2h and 150℃-2h charged steel. The SSRT and Charpy test results also showed the similar trends that the mechanical properties of the steels deteriorate as the amount of hydrogen charged in the steel increases. Therefore, this study suggests that, for SA-723 steel, the charging time parameter is more effective to charge more amount of hydrogen into SA-723 steel, rather than the charging temperature.