• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2012

In this paper, we investigated the friction characteristics of $W100^{\circ}{\o}L25m$ ellipse type surface pattern, on bearing steel. These characteristics are researched by utilizing a pin-on-disk wear test machine, under various velocities and other conditions. The reduction of friction is a necessary requirement for the improved efficiency of industrial parts. As the speed increases, there is a decrease in the effect of the dimple of friction characteristic in low velocity, with substantially little change to density. Conversely, as the load increases, the test direction of ellipse type dimple pattern, resulting in a difference in the texture of these two components. At a dimple density of 7.5% the friction characteristic is easily demonstrated, with a consistent change in both speed and load.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

Recently, several LPG engines for heavy-duty vehicles have been developed, which can replace some diesel engines that are one of a main source for air pollution in urban area. As a preliminary study on the liquid phase LPG injection (hereafter LPLI) system applicable to a heavy duty LPG engine, the engine output and combustion performance were investigated with various combustion chambers and fuel compositions using a single cylinder engine equipped. Experimental results revealed that ellipse, double ellipse and nebula type combustion chamber made a more advantage in breaking swirl flow into small turbulence scale than bathtub type. Especially, performance of nebula type showed most highest efficiency and engine output under lean mixture conditions. An investigation fur various LPG fuel compositions was also carried out, and revealed that the case with 40% propane and 60% butane shows the lowest efficiency at stoichiometry, however, as the mixture became leaner its efficiency increased and became even higher for 100% propane case.

• 천문학회보
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.43.4-44
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• 2017

Bar fractions depend on the properties of host galaxies. However, the observational studies did not provide consistent tendency. We investigated the bar fractions and their dependence on properties of host galaxies using three bar classifications: visual inspection, ellipse fitting method and Fourier analysis from a volume-limited sample of 1,698 disk galaxies brighter than Mr=-15.2 within z = 0.01 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 (DR7). We found two causes to make the discrepancy in previous studies. One is caused by the difficulty in automatically identifying bars for bulge-dominated galaxies. In particular, ellipse fitting methods could miss early-type barred galaxies when a large bulge weakens the transition between a bar and disk. The other is caused by the difference in the correlation between the bar types and host morphology for strong bars and weak bars. Strong bars are preponderant in early-type spirals which are red, bulge-dominated and highly concentrated, whereas weak bars are frequent in late-type spirals which are blue, disk-dominate and less-concentrated. Therefore, how much weak bars they contain affects the trend of bar fraction on host galaxy properties. We also discuss the effect of host properties on the formation, evolution, and destruction of bars.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2010

대공간 스페이스 프레임 구조물은 구조물의 목적 및 설계자의 의도와 함께 다양한 형상으로 구성될 수 있으며, 다양한 구조물 형식에 적용될 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 대공간 스페이스 프레임 구조물의 최적의 부재크기나 형상은 구조 엔지니어의 경험과 반복적인 해석 그리고 시행착오적인 방법 때문에 그 결정이 쉽지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 설계자가 구조물의 최적 형상을 선택할 수 있는 방안을 제시하기 위해 먼저 타원형 및 볼트복합형과 같은 다양한 유형의 스페이스 프레임 구조물이 선정되며, 절점, 좌표 및 부재 생성을 위한 형상생성방법이 고려된다. 또한 스페이스 프레임 구조의 최적설계 절차에서 각 절점 좌표는 높이 변화나 링의 개수에 따라 변하게 되므로 최적설계 과정에서 절점파 부재의 자동생성기법이 적용된다. 다음으로 형상생성방법을 기반으로 한 형상생성모듈은 구조물의 최적화 단계에 앞서 설계자가 원하는 형상을 생성해주는 모듈이며, 최적화 단계에서는 해석 모듈과 최적화모듈이 연계된다. 마지막으로 예제 모델을 통해 형상생성방안 및 최적설계 방안의 효율성을 검토한다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.33.3-33.3
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• 2019

Automatic, yet reliable methods to find and classify barred galaxies are going to be more important in the era of large galaxy surveys. Here, we introduce a new approach to classify barred galaxies by analyzing the butterfly pattern that Buta & Block (2001) reported as a bar signature on the potential map. We make it easy to find the pattern by moving the ratio map from a Cartesian coordinate to a polar coordinate. Our volume-limited sample consists of 1698 spiral galaxies brighter than Mr = -15.2 with z < 0.01 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey/DR7 visually classified by Ann et al. (2015). We compared the results of the classification obtained by four different methods: visual inspection, ellipse fitting, Fourier analysis, and our new method. We obtain, for the same sample, different bar fractions of 63%, 48%, 36%, and 56% by visual inspection, ellipse fitting, Fourier analysis, and our new approach, respectively. Although automatic classifications detect visually determined, strongly barred galaxies with the concordance of 74% to 86%, automatically selected barred galaxies contain different amount of weak bars. We find a different dependence of bar fraction on the Hubble type for strong and weak bars: SBs are preponderant in early-type spirals, whereas SABs are in late-type spirals. Moreover, the ellipse fitting method often misses strongly barred galaxies in the bulge-dominated galaxies. These explain why previous works showed the contradictory dependence of the bar fraction on the host galaxy properties. Our new method has the highest agreement with visual inspection in terms of the individual classification and the overall bar fraction. In addition, we find another signature on the ratio map to classify barred galaxies into new two classes that are probably related to the age of the bar.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2019

The evaporator is a key driver of an air conditioning system's efficiency. In this study, we study methods of maximizing the efficiency of a Massey Ferguson (MF) evaporator by measuring how the cooling performance of different shapes vary with temperature. We varied the tube insertion depth as well as the shape of the evaporator's header and tube. When we compare header shapes of "D", "Ellipse", and "Quadrangle" types, we find that the elliptical header creates the smallest pressure loss and the highest temperature difference. Between tube shapes of "Rectangular", "Projection", and "Circular" types, the "Projection" type tube creates the most temperature difference. We also investigated the depth of tube insertion in the header and find that tube insertion of 5 - 10 mm is feasible; we selected the depths of 5, 7, and 10 mm since they corresponded to approximately 30%, 50%, and 70% of the total width of the header. The tube insertion test demonstrated that a tube insertion depth of 7 mm creates the least pressure loss and the highest temperature difference. In conclusion, the optimal evaporator design uses an "Ellipse" type header, "Projection" type tube, and a tube insertion depth between 30 and 50% of the header width.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.160-171
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• 1994

놀래기과(科) (family Labridae) 어류의 측선(測線) 감각공(感覺孔) 비늘의 형태(形態)는 타원형 (ellipse), 5각형 (pentagonal), 6각형 (hexagonal)의 3가지형으로 분류될 수 있었으며 대부분이 6각형을 나타내었는데 실용치 (Cirrhilabrus temminckii)가 타원형을 나타내었고 옥두놀래기 (Xyrichtys dea), 호박돔 (Choerodon azurio), 흑돔 (Semicossyphus reticulatus), 사랑놀래기 (Bodianus oxycephalus)가 5각형을 나타내었다. 6각형인 황놀래기 (Pseudolabrus japonicus), 놀래기 (Halichoeres tenuispinnis)는 비교적 수심이 깊은곳에 서식하며 주위환경에 잘 반응하는 종으로 이들의 감각관(感覺管)은 가늘고 긴 감각기(感覺技)가 잘 발달되어 있는 반면 5각형의 사랑놀래기, 혹돔과 6각형인 청줄청소놀래기 (Labroides dimidiatus), 꼬치놀래기 (Cheilio inermis), 실놀래기 (Suezichthys gracilis), 무지개놀래기 (Stethojulis interupta terina), 용치놀래기 (Halichoeres poecilopterus)는 감각관(感覺管)이 비교적 크고 감각기(感覺技)의 분지가 적어서 원시형을 나타내고 있었다. 또한 감각공(感覺孔)의 크기는 흑돔, 꼬치놀래기, 청줄청소놀래기, 놀래기가 비늘폭의 25.0 %이상으로 다른 놀래기과(科) 어류(魚類)의 12.5%보다 상대적으로 컸으며 반면 옥두놀래기인 경우 5.8 %로 작았다. 이러한 놀래기과(科) 어류(魚類)가 가진 측선감각공(側線感覺孔)의 다양한 형태는 이들의 서식(棲息) 환경과 측선(測線) 감각공(感覺孔) 비늘의 감각관(感覺管)의 발달 사이에 깊은 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 스노우보더가 플랫폼에서 뛰어내릴 때 경사면에 착지 하는 지면반력 계산을 바탕으로 3가지 종류의 곡선(타원, 원, 브라키스토크론)으로 된 하프파이프의 곡면에 착지할 때의 충격에 대한 역학적 계산의 결과를 해석 하는 것이다. 스노우보더의 착지시 다리의 유연성, 눈이 다져진 정도 경사면의 각도, 초기 속도, 착지 후 동작의 숙련도 등이 충격을 줄여주는 중요한 요소로 작용한다. 그러나 딱딱한 스노우보드용 하프파이프에서는 착지 지점의 곡면에 절대적으로 좌우된다. 이 연구의 역학적 분석 결과 브라키스토크론 곡선이 좀 더 충격 흡수의 효과가 있어 안전한 것으로 판명되었다. 건설의 효율성만을 고려한다면 현재 통용되고 있는 타원형태 이외의 다른 종류의 곡선들은 필요 없다고 생각하기 쉬우나 스노우보더들이 구사하는 기술의 종류와 난이도에 따라서 다양한 기하학적 형태의 시설로 발전되는 것이 바람직하다. 본 연구에서 시행된 연구 방법은 스노우보더 들의 치명적 부강 방지를 위한 하프파이프의 최적 안전 설계 및 사용의 방법과 더불어 스포츠인 들의 사고를 줄일 수 있는 과학적 연구방법에 대한 하나의 모델을 제시 한 것이라고 볼 수 있다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.5.1-5.7
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• 2013

Objectives Despite increasing availability of global positioning system (GPS), no research has been conducted to analyze GPS data for exposure opportunities associated with time at indoor and outdoor microenvironments. We developed location-based and time-weighted spatial measures that incorporate indoor and outdoor time-location data collected by GPS. Methods Time-location data were drawn from 38 female subjects in California who wore a GPS device for seven days. Ambient standard deviational ellipse was determined based on outdoor locations and time duration, while indoor time weighted standard deviational ellipse (SDE) was developed to incorporate indoor and outdoor times and locations data into the ellipse measure. Results Our findings indicated that there was considerable difference in the sizes of exposure potential measures when indoor time was taken into consideration, and that they were associated with day type (weekday/weekend) and employment status. Conclusions This study provides evidence that time-location weighted measure may provide better accuracy in assessing exposure opportunities at different microenvironments. The use of GPS likely improves the geographical details and accuracy of time-location data, and further development of such location-time weighted spatial measure is encouraged.

• 한국자기학회:학술대회 개요집
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• 한국자기학회 2002년도 동계연구발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.186-187
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• 2002

Recently, there has been much interest in magnetic thin film patterned in submicron scale because of possible ultrahigh density storage media or logical device applications [1-3]. Various geometries such as rectangle, circle, ring and ellipse type dots have been studied to find the shape showing stable switching behavior from repeated cycles. However, rectangle and circle types may not be suitable for device applications because they have two uncontrollable different magnetization reversal modes: C state and S state, resulting in different coercivity and irreproducible switching[4]. (omitted)