• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2007

Ginseng has been widely used for the management of anxiety and emotional instability, but there is little experimental evidence supporting these clinical applications. The anxiolytic-like effect of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide fractions of white (WG) and red ginsengs (RG) was investigated using the elevated plus-maze test. The saponin (SF) and polysaccharide (PF) fractions were orally administered to male ICR mice for 3 days and behavioral test for the anxiolytic activity were performed. SF significantly increased the time-spent open arms and number into the in the open arm entries. However, PF weakly increased the time-spent in the open arms, but did not increase number into the open ann entries. The WG showed more potent anxiolytic-like effect than that of RG. The anxiolytic-like activities were antagonized by flumazenil, but not by esmolol. These findings suggest the saponin fractions of WG and RG promote the anxiolytic-like activity by antagonizing GABN/benzodiazepine receptors in mice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2019

Ketamine has long been used as an anesthetic agent. However, ketamine use is associated with numerous side effects, including flashbacks, amnesia, delirium, and aggressive or violent behavior. Ketamine has also been abused as a cocktail with ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Several studies have investigated therapeutic applications of ketamine, demonstrating its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in both humans and rodents. We recently reported that neonatal maternal separation causes enhanced anxiety- and aggressive-like behaviors in adolescent. In the present study, we evaluated how acute and chronic ketamine administration affected the behavioral consequences of neonatal maternal separation in adolescent mice. Litters were separated from dams for 4 hours per day for 19 days beginning after weaning. Upon reaching adolescence (post-natal day 35-49), mice were acutely (single injection) or chronically (7 daily injections) treated with a sub-anesthetic dose (15 mg/kg) of ketamine. At least 1 h after administration of ketamine, mice were subjected to open-field, elevated-plus maze, and resident-intruder tests. We found that acute ketamine treatment reduced locomotor activity. In contrast, chronic ketamine treatment decreased anxiety, as evidenced by increased time spent on open arms in the elevated-plus maze, and remarkably reduced the number and duration of attacks. In conclusion, the present study suggests that ketamine has potential for the treatment of anxiety and aggressive or violent behaviors.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.212.1-212.1
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• 2003

The purpose of the this study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous extract of Albizzia julibrissin stem bark using the elevated plus maze (EPM) in rats. The water extract of Albizzia julibrissin was orally administered at 10, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg to adult male SD rats, 1 h before behavioral evaluation in an EPM, respectively. Control rats were treated with an equal volume of saline, and positive control rats buspirone (1 mg/kg). Single or repeated treatment (for 7 days) of the water extract of Albizzia julibrissin (at 100 or 200 mg/kg) significantly increased time-spent and arm entries into the open arms of the EPM, and decreased time-spent and arm entries in the closed arms of the EPM versus saline controls (P ＜ 0.05). (omitted)

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.18-32
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• 2013

목 적: 본 연구에서는 부인과의 흔한 질환인 갱년기 우울증의 모델로 반복적인 스트레스를 가한 난소적출 흰쥐를 설정하고 교감단이 쥐의 항우울 행동과 면역기능에 미치는 영향을 살표보고자 하였다. 방 법: 난소적출 흰쥐에 2주간 반복적인 스트레스를 주고, 교감단(100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg)을 경구 투여한 후 행동검사로 Elevated plus maze, Forced swimming test를 실시하였고, 혈액검사로 혈청 corticosterone, IL-$1{\beta}$와 IL-4의 변화를 측정하였으며, 뇌내의 IL-$1{\beta}$와 IL-4의 변화를 측정하였다. 결 과: 1. Elevated plus maze에서 교감단 100 mg/kg 투여군은 open arms에서의 보낸시간이 대조군에 비해서 차이가 없었으며, 교감단 400 mg/kg 투여군은 open arms에서 보낸 시간이 대조군에 비하여 증가되었으나 유의성은 없었다. 2. Elevated plus maze에서 교감단 100 mg/kg 투여군은 crossing 횟수가 대조군에 비하여 차이가 없었으며, 교감단 400 mg/kg 투여군은 crossing 횟수가 대조군에 비하여 늘어났으나 유의성은 없었다. 3. Forced swimming test에서 교감단 100 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg 투여군은 각각 대조군에 비해서 immobility 시간이 유의성 있게 감소하였다(p<0.01). 4. Corticosterone 측정에서 교감단 400 mg/kg을 투여한 후 Corticosterone 수준이 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 5. 혈청내 IL-$1{\beta}$와 IL-4 측정에서 교감단 투여군은 대조군에 비해 유의성 있는 감소나 증가가 관찰되지 않았다. 6. 뇌내 IL-$1{\beta}$와 IL-4 측정에서 교감단 투여군은 대조군에 비해 유의성 있는 감소나 증가가 관찰되지 않았다. 결 론: 이상의 결과를 보면 교감단은 난소적출 흰쥐의 우울행동의 완화에 유의성 있는 결과를 나타내었으며, 불안 행동검사에서는 유효한 효과가 없었다. 혈청 corticosterone 측정에서 유의성 있는 감소를 나타내어 항우울효과를 나타내었으나, 면역기능에 작용하는 유의성 있는 결과는 관찰되지 않았다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2008

Murraya koenigii leaves commonly known as 'curry patta' are routinely added to Indian gravy and vegetarian dishes by south Indian as a favourate condiment. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Murraya koenigii leaves (MKL) on memory in rats. Elevated plus-maze and Hebb-Williams maze served as the exteroceptive behavioral models for testing memory. Diazepam-, scopolamine- and ageing-induced amnesia served as the interoceptive behavioral models. MKL fed orally to various groups of young and aged rats with diet containing 2, 4 and 8% w/w of MKL for 30 days consecutively were investigated. The MKL diets produced a significant dose-dependent improvement in memory scores of young and aged rats and significantly reduced the amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Therefore, it would be worthwhile to specifically investigate the therapeutic potential of MKL in the management of dementia patients.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.281-285
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• 2017

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the cognition-enhancing effects of Ixeris dentata (Thunb) Nakai in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. Scopolamine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce amnesia in mice. The cognitive-enhancing activity of the IDE (10, 20 and $40{\mu}g/mL$) was studied by passive avoidance response, elevated plus maze and Y-maze behavioral paradigm in normal and scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. Scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits were significantly reversed by IDE (P < 0.001 at 20 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent fashion in all the behavioral paradigms tested. IDE possesses cognitive-enhancing properties in amnesic mice due to its potent antioxidant action.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

Woohwangcheongsimwon (WHCSW) is a traditional oriental medicinal fomula which has been clinically used for treating strokes, palpitation, loss of consciousness and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic properties of WHCSW using an elevated plus-maze (EPM) and hole-board test. Control mice were orally treated with an equal volume of vehicle (10% Tween 80 solution), and positive control mice were treated with diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). In the EPM test, WHCSW significantly increased the percentage of time-spent in the open arms (200 mg/kg, P < 0.05) and the percentage of open arm entries (200 and 400 mg/kg, P < 0.05). WHCSW also significantly increased the number of head-dips in the hole-board test (200 mg/kg, P < 0.05). In addition, the anxiolytic properties of WHCSW examined in the EPM test were inhibited by flumazenil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a GABA$_A$ antagonist. However, no changes in spontaneous locomotor activity or myorelaxant effects were observed versus 10% Tween 80 controls. These results suggested that WHCSW is an effective anxiolytic agent, and that its anxiolytic effects are mediated via GABA$_A$ receptors.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.129-146
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to characterize the putative antidepressant and antianxiolytic effects of the 70% ethanol extract of Polygala japonica(EEPJ) using animal's behavioral experiment in mice. Methods : The effect of EEPJ on the anxioty and depressive disorder was investigated via mice's behavioral experiment like Elevated plus-maze, Horizontal wire test, Open field test, Forced swimming test, Tail suspension test, and it was happen via any mechanism by WAY 100635, a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist and by Flumazenil, a GABAA antagonist Results : 1. In the EPM, single treatments of the EEPJ(200 and 400mg/kg) had usefully antianxiolytic effects versus vehicle, which was medicated via the serotonergic nervous system. 2. In the HWT, single treatments of the EEPJ were no changes in the myorelaxant effects versus vehicle. 3. In the OFT, single treatments of the EEPJ were no changes in the locomotor activity versus vehicle. 4. In the FST, single treatments of the EEPJ(50mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time versus vehicle. 5. In the TST, single treatments of the EEPJ(50mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time versus vehicle. Conclusions : These results indicate that EEPJ is an effective antidepressant and antianxiolytic activity in mice, and it might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of depressive disorder through evolutive study like development of various experimental models.

• 셀메드
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.10
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• 2015

Fumaria indica Linn. (Syn: Fumaria parviflora, Fumariaceae) is a wildly grown weed, mentioned and recommended in classical Ayurvedic texts for treatments of variety of ailments including dermatological diseases, topical diseases, cardiovascular complaints, circulatory disease, fever and headache etc. The present pilot study was designed to experimentally verify the possibility that fumarates are the major bioactive principles of Fumaria indica extracts involved in their stress response modulating activities, and to estimate pharmacologicallyactive dose ranges of fumarates and standardized methanolic extract of Fumaria indica (MFI). Effect of single, 5 and 10 daily oral doses of pure fumaric acid (FA), monomethyl fumarate (MMF), dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and MFI was quantified in well validated rodent models viz. apomorphine induced cage climbing, stress induced hyperthermia, and elevated plus-maze tests. Obtained results reveal high efficacy of MFI and pure fumarates possess qualitatively analogous activity profiles in all the three tests. There were no significant difference in the potencies of pure FA, MMF and DMF in the three tests, whereas efficacy of MFI in the elevated plus maze test for anxiolytics was higher than in the other two tests. Efficacies of all the four test agents in all the three tests increased with increasing number of days of oral treatments. Results of these pilot experiments should be helpful for more rational selections of pharmacologically interesting dose ranges and treatment regimens of fumarates and Fumaria indica extracts for further more holistic explorations of their diverse therapeutic potentials.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.409-417
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• 2007

We investigated the effect of Arogh, a polyherbal formulation (PHF) on animal models of anxiety based on exploratory behavior. The anxiolytic activity of polyherbal formulation (30, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) was studied using various behavioural paradigms such as elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark apparatus (LDA), open field apparatus (OFA), hole board apparatus (HBA). Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was used as a standard anxiolytic drug. The effect of PHF (100 and 300 mg/kg) on serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline mediated behaviour was studied by lithium induced head twitches in rats, haloperidol induced catalepsy in mice and clonidine induced hypothermia in rats respectively. In EPM, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the time spent in open arms and the number of entries in open arms. In LDA, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the time spent in lit zone. In OFA, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of assisted rearing and the number of squares traversed. In HBA, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of head poking. In lithium induced head twitches, PHF (100 and 300 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the number of head twitches. In haloperidol induced catalepsy, PHF (300 mg/kg) decreased the duration of catalepsy significantly (P < 0.05) at 60 min. In clonidine-induced hypothermia, PHF (300 mg/kg) did not modify the effect. Drugs must be carefully assessed on EPM test and therefore in the present study EPM is supported by other tests. Present study indicates that Arogh, a polyherbal formulation possess anxiolytic activity. It diminished serotonergic transmission and decreased the duration of catalepsy indicating potentiation of dopaminergic transmission. Thus, Arogh a polyherbal formulation contains bioactive principles which possess anxiolytic activity and modified 5-HT and DA mediated behaviour.