• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to assess the preferences for one-dish items and the combination preferences of one-dish items and side dishes that were served and eaten together. Participants were 710 fifth grade of elementary school children who were asked to write three of their favorite one-dish items and to select a preferred side dish among 25 of items for each one-dish item. In this way total 41 one-dish items were assessed to combine with a preferred side dish. The results showed that schoolchildren chose Kuksu as their most favorite one-dish item followed by Jajangmyon and curry rice. Kimchi was the most preferred side dish when they consumed one-dish items, especially Ramyon, Jabchebab, and one-dishes containing much broth. Danmugy was liked when they consumed Gimbab, Jajangbab, and Jajangmeon. Kackdugi was chosen as a favourite side dish when they ate Chungmugimbab and fruit salad was most preferred with Spaggetti. There is a difference in preference for side dishes among the three areas of residence. More schoolchildren in Namhae than in Jinju or in Busan liked Kackdugi when they consumed several one-dish items, like curry rice and Dakjuk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.303-311
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a textbook and teaching guidebook on sensory education for lower grade students at elementary schools. The goal of sensory education was to improve preferences for traditional Korean foods. An advisory committee was organized that was composed of 8 professionals in the education field, in order to discuss the adequacy and validity of the textbook's content. The textbook's units consisted of three parts composed of the following: 'feel by the five senses' (2 lessons), 'enjoying traditional Korean foods' (9 lessons), and 'eating together' (1 lesson). The lesson activities were based on experiential learning. The teacher's guidebook contained an overview of the education process, with specific information and practical guidelines for each lesson. Ninety-seven children in 3rd grade from one school participated in a pilot lesson, which evaluated the educational effects and satisfaction. After the lesson, the children had improved preferences for foods which were taught about in the class, along with better eating attitudes. These results reflect that the developed materials were suitable for improving children's preferences toward traditional Korean foods.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.141-143
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• 2008

Purpose: This study investigated visual acuity and refractive error in elementary schoolchildren and examined relationship between visual acuity and refractive error. Methods: Naked visual acuity and refractive error for selected 200 schoolchildren (400 eyes) of 1st, 3rd and 6th grades. Results: The refractive error in hyperopia was gradually decreased and visual acuity was increased as higher grade. The regression line of Y=2.1471X-3.1484 (F=313.9377, P<0.001) and closed inter-relationship were found between visual acuity and refractive error in myopia. The regression line equation of Y=-0.6854X+1.1764 (F=7.054, P<0.01) and closed inter-relationship were found between visual acuity and refractive error in hyperopia. The relationship between visual acuity and refractive error in astigmatism was Y=2.2509X-2.8738 (F=21.7952, P<0.001) and closed inter-relationship was found. Conclusions: Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism showed closed inter-relationship with visual acuity.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.341-352
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• 2005

This study was based on the information provided by 1,180 elementary school children (630 boys and 550 girls) of 5th or 6th grade in Changwon and Gimhae of Gyeongnam province. They were asked about perception and preference for rice foods by questionnaires. The purpose of this survey was to find the way of encouraging rice intake and preference which is currently getting lower because of increasing simple westernized eating habits, and to provide basic information needed for inheriting and improving our traditional rice-based dietary culture. The results are summarized as follows. Most of subjects (91.2%) thought that steamed rice is better than bread for own health. The reason why they chose to eat steamed rice was 'because it is good for health' (61.2%), and 'because it is staple food item that we eat everyday' (26.4%). Seventy one percent of girls and 52.7% of boys gave the answer 'because it is good for health' as the reason for eating steamed rice. The reasons for the importance of the rice-based dietary culture were 'because of its superior nutritional value' (40.8%), and 'because it is our traditional eating culture' (28.6%). While significantly more girls (42.9%) answered as 'because of its superior nutritional value', more boys (39.0%) answered as 'because it is our traditional dietary culture'. More boys (59.0%) preferred noodles than girls' (54.7%), and fruits were preferred more by girls than boys as substitution foods for steamed rice showing significant difference (p<0.01). They wanted rice product developed in the forms such as Ssalamyun (29.8%), Ssalmandoo (24.1%), rice noodles (20.6%), and rice bread (15.6%). The preference score on rice products of subjects was one dish meals (4.27) and drinks (4.26), snacks (3.72), convenience foods (3.61), and steamed rice (3.44) in order. Preferred food showing points over 4 were Ssalbap (plain steamed rice) (4.29) in steamed rice type food, Kimchi bokeumbap (4.56), Bokeumbap (4.55), Bibimbop (4.45), Omelet rice (4.44), Kimbap (4.42), Ddukkuk (4.33), Curried rice (4.33), Jajangbap (4.28), and Ddukmandookuk (4.24) in one dish meal type food, Samgak Kimbap (4.26) in convenience type food, Songpyun (4.48), Injulmi (4.18), Teokbokki (4.71), Ddukkochiguyi (4.46), and rice cookies (4.24) in snack type food, and Shikhye (4.61) and Misugaru (4.28) in drink type food. Based on these results, it may be said that elementary school children think the rice-based diet is good for health and this dietary culture should be inherited and developed not only in a traditional aspect but also in a nutritional aspect. Therefore, more studies are needed to develop various forms of rice food products and cooking recipes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.381-391
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• 2006

This study is performed to compare the dietary intakes and food sources of copper (Cu) using the database of Cu content developed in this study between the elementary schoolchildren in remote rural areas (RA, n=58, $9.9{\pm}1.7$ yrs) and those in urban area (UA, n=60, $9.4{\pm}1.8$ yrs), and to analyze the relationship between serum Cu concentration and serum antioxidant status in the RA. The results obtained in this study were as followings: 1) Dietary intakes of calorie, calcium and iron in the RA were in the 3/5-4/5 of the Korean RDA while the UA were similar to or more than the Korean RDA, 7th ed. except iron. 2) More than 273 kinds of food consumed by the subjects were analyzed the content of Cu and database of Cu content were developed in the present study. The mean dietary intake of Cu per day in the RA was $0.99{\pm}0.07mg/d$ ($170.0{\pm}13.2%$ of the USA RDA) while it was $1.22{\pm}0.07mg/d$ ($203.4{\pm}13.1%$ of the RDA) in the UA. The percentage of dietary intakes of Cu less than 213 of the RDA was 8.6% in the RA in comparison to 0% in the UA. 3) The RA and the UA consumed more than 80% of total dietary intakes of Cu from plant foods. Thus, the RA and the UA consumed Cu from cooked rice, vegetables and fruits as a major source. However the RA had less Cu from meat and their products than did the UA (p<0.05) .4) Crab stew including crab and juice was the highest food source of Cu for the total subjects, followed by seasoned bud of aralia, cooked; beef rib meat, roasted; soybean paste soup w/mallow; and soybean paste soup w/mallow & beef. Major food source of Cu was similar for the RA and the UA such as cooked rice, vegetables and fruits. 5) Mean concentration of serum Cu in the RA was $18.1{\pm}0.7{\mu}M/L$ that was in the normal value, and all subjects in this group were in more than normal value. In the RA serum Cu concentration related positively with serum ceruloplasmin concentration, serum vitamin C concentration and EC SOD activity, respectively. However, serum Cu concentration did not relate with serum TBARS concentration in the RA. Above results showed that the RA had good status of Cu nutrition based upon dietary intake and serum concentration, however some of the RA had lower intake of Cu than the RDA. The overall children in the UA had good Cu nutrition. Therefore, the subgroup of the RA should be supported to improve their Cu nutrition, and this support could give them better antioxidant status based upon positive relationship between serum Cu concentration and serum antioxidant status in the RA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.100-107
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• 2010

This study was performed to compare the dietary intake and food sources of zinc (Zn), using a database of Zn composition developed in this study, between elementary schoolchildren in a remote rural area (RA, n=58, $9.9{\pm}1.7\;yrs$) and those in an urban area (UA, n=60, $9.4{\pm}1.8\;yrs$) in Chungnam province in Korea. A dietary survey for three days by food record method was performed. All kinds of foods (n=273) consumed by subjects were collected by aliquot sampling method, and the Zn content of these foods were analyzed by wet technique. The results showed that the daily mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron, and vitamin C from diet in the RA were in the range of 49-88% of the Korean DRI (KDRI), while those in the UA were similar to or greater than the KDRI, except for calcium and iron. The daily mean intake of Zn from the RA diet was $7.0{\pm}0.5\;mg/d$ ($114.1{\pm}8.4%$ of the KDRI), and $16.0{\pm}1.0\;mg/d$ ($258.3{\pm}16.3%$ of the KDRI) in that of the UA (p<0.001). The percentage of dietary intake of Zn less than 2/3 of the KDRI was 19.0% in the RA, in comparison to 1.7% in the UA. Those in the RA consumed Zn from plant foods more often than did those in the UA (p<0.001). Beef rib stew was the food source with highest Zn amount for the total subjects, followed by beef rib meat, roasted; and beef soup w/seasoned red pepper sauce. These results showed that some children in the RA had poor Zn nutrition based upon low intakes and poor food sources of Zn, while overall, children in the UA had good Zn nutrition. Therefore, those in RAs should have their Zn nutrition improved through government policy and nutrition education.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.320-330
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of schoolbags and the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms among elementary school children and to identify factors associated with relative schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms. Methods: A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 228 elementary school children in grades 4-6. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, $x^2$-test or Fisher's exact test, logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis. Results: Mean relative schoolbag weight (RSW) was 6.40%. Among participants, 13.2% carried more than 10% of their RSW. Only 49.6% of participants organized the contents in their school backpack correctly. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported by 42.5% of participants. Results from logistic regression analysis identified grade was a significant factor predicting RSW, and gender, RSW, and using a locker were significant factors predicting musculoskeletal symptoms among schoolchildren. Conclusion: Although RSW of school children in this study was within the currently recommended load limit, a considerable proportion of school children were not following guidelines for safe schoolbag use. An effective schoolbag safety campaign for parents, students, and teachers needs to be developed and evaluated to prevent possible musculoskeletal symptoms related to schoolbag use.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.633-643
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• 2005

The purpose of study was to investigate nutritional supplements intake of elementary school students aged 7 to 12 years in Incheon The subjects were 631 mothers of schoolchildren and cross sectional study was conducted by a self-administered questionnaire. Nutritional supplements were taken by $42.3\%$ of the surveyed elementary school students. Among nutritional supplements they toot vitamin and mineral accounted for $47.3\%$, herbs and chinese medicine $39.3\%$ and dietary supplements $10.7\%.$ Among reasons for taking nutritional supplements, help for growth, health promotion, supply for deficient nutrients and prevention or treatment of disease were in order. As for the reasons for not taking nutritional supplements, most of the subjects answered that meals are enough in getting nutrients for children Mother of elementary school students usually Dew the health claim of the nutritional supplements before taking the Also they usually got the information of the nutritional supplements 1mm doctors or pharmacist and bought the nutritional supplements at drugstores, oriental medicine clinic and on-line shop in order. As for the effect of nutritional supplements, $43.7\%$ of the subjeces answered as 'effective' and $81.7\%$ of the mother of elementary school students who took nutritional supplements answered positively that they would continue to have their children take it Among the reasons they would continue to have their children take it help for growth ranked the first. therefore, these results my provide basic informations on nutritional supplements used by the elementary school students in Incheon.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was conducted to find out caries preventive effect on permanent teeth among children who brush teeth with fluoride-containing toothpaste by supervised weekly fluoride mouthrinsing program in elementary schools. Methods: The epidemiologic dental survey was performed on the elementary schoolchildren of supervised weekly fluoride mouthrinsing program (FMR) with 0.2 percent neutral sodium fluoride solution and control group in 2007. Caries preventive effect on permanent teeth by fluoride mouthrinsing program were calculated by DMFT index and DMFS index between FMR group and control group. Results: By DMFT index between FMR group and control group, caries rates on permanent teeth of the fourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade children participating in FMR program were 34.1%, 40.8% and 31.5%, respectively. By the DMFS index between FMR group and control group, caries preventive rates on permanent teeth of the fourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade children participating in FMR program were calculated 25.4%, 37.7% and 33.5%, respectively. Conclusions: We suggest that fluoride mouthrinsing program should be developed to all elementary schools to prevent dental caries.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.227-248
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• 2008

This study aims to examine the effects of art therapy on challenging behavior of schoolchildren. For this purpose, I selected one class of 4th year student of S primary school, located at Jeongeup city, Jeonlabukdo, and selected 4 study subjects through examination of K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation scale, characters, school life and K - HTP test. With regard to procedure of this study, I carried out art therapy program at the art class for 60 minutes one time a week for 4 months, a total of 17 sessions from Apr. 3, 2007 to July 24, 2007. I made this program with some modification in reference to Arts Therapy Technique (Counpia Remote Training Center, 2005), Group Art Therapy (Choi Seon Nam. Kim Gap Sook. Jeon Jong Kuk, 2007) and the Effects of Peer Group Art Activity on Sociality Skill of Offensive Children (Park Ju Yeon. Lee Byeon In, 2005). For each child, I compared and analyzed the changes in score of K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation scale, behavior by K-HTP (dynamic house-wood-human figure test) analysis and by school life(KSD) image analysis before and after treatment. I also carried out qualitative analysis on behavioral feature of each child for each session. This study obtained the following conclusions. First, child A showed positive change in comparison before and after art treatment program of score K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation, K-HTP image test and school life. Since he was so active and wanted to obtain good evaluation from anyone that he frequently had quarrel with friends, spoke against others well and beaten others much but was changed and did not speak against others or beat. Second, child B showed clear difference in comparison before and after art treatment program of score K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation, but no significant difference in K-HTP image test and school life. However, I observed substantial changes. While he could not speak frankly to others, felt empty in mind and was offensive in personal relations, he was changed, did not have quarrel with others or speak against others that much and improved his relationship with friends or teachers. Third, child C showed positive change in score of K-CBCL children juvenile behavior evaluation after art therapy program. In comparison of K-HTP image test and school life treatment before and after treatment, he still longed for mothers in mind but found rather stable after treatment. Fourth, child D showed positive chance in score of K-CBCL children. juvenile behavior evaluation scale after art therapy program, but almost no changes in K-HTP image test. But he depicted good relationship and socializing with other friends in school life. While he could not carry his point due to social immaturity and felt depressed, he got more confident. This result of study showed that art therapy had positive effects on correction of schoolchildren.