• Advances in environmental research
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.237-249
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• 2016

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is essential for every community; and, it is currently a major challenge in Nigeria. This paper provides an overview of the current MSW management trends in Nigeria and proposes new sustainable MSW management systems. Across Nigerian cities, MSW management is characterized by inefficient collection and transportation to disposal sites. Collection services do not reach some unplanned areas and slums due to poor street network. Even some planned areas are not reached by collection services. The informal sector contributes to waste collection, resource recovery and recycling; however, their activities are not recognized by the governments. Markets exist for recovered materials but more efforts need to be geared towards intensive recovery of materials and expansion of these markets. Despite the high proportion of putrescible matter in MSW, the only form of treatment commonly used currently is open burning for volume reduction. The high organic fraction presents a great opportunity for composting and anaerobic digestion. Ultimate disposal is currently done in open dumpsites. This needs to be upgraded to engineered landfills that are properly sited and adequately operated by well trained personnel. There is an emerging waste stream of concern, electronic-waste (e-waste), that requires urgent sustainable management as e-waste are currently co-disposed with other waste streams or burnt in the open posing detrimental health impacts.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2007

For electricity markets to function in a truly competitive and efficient manner, it is not enough to focus solely on improving the efficiencies of power supply. To recognize price-responsive load as a reliability resource, the customer must be provided with price signals and an instrument to respond to these signals, preferably automatically. This paper attempts to develop the Windows-based load management system in competitive electricity markets, allowing the user to monitor the current energy consumption or billing information, to analyze the historical data, and to implement the consumption strategy for cost savings with nine possible scenarios adopted. Finally, this modeling framework will serve as a template containing the basic concepts that any load management system should address.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.93-108
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• 2019

Guaranteeing interoperability between devices and applications is the core role of standards organizations. Since its first JPEG standard in 1992, the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) has published several image coding standards that have been successful in a plethora of imaging markets. Recently, these markets have become subject to potentially disruptive innovations owing to the rise of new imaging modalities such as light fields, point clouds, and holography. These so-called plenoptic modalities hold the promise of facilitating a more efficient and complete representation of 3D scenes when compared to classic 2D modalities. However, due to the heterogeneity of plenoptic products that will hit the market, serious interoperability concerns have arisen. In this paper, we particularly focus on the holographic modality and outline how the JPEG committee has addressed these tremendous challenges. We discuss the main use cases and provide a preliminary list of requirements. In addition, based on the discussion of real-valued and complex data representations, we elaborate on potential coding technologies that range from approaches utilizing classical 2D coding technologies to holographic content-aware coding solutions. Finally, we address the problem of visual quality assessment of holographic data covering both visual quality metrics and subjective assessment methodologies.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2021

본 논문은 건화물시장과 탱커시장의 운임지수 예측에 관하여 머신러닝을 적용하였으며 신호분해법인 웨이블릿 분해와 EMD분해를 데이터 전처리 과정에 반영하여 시간의 영역의 정보와 주파수 영역의 정보를 모두 반영할 수 있는 운임예측모형을 구축하였다. 건화물 시장의 경우 웨이블릿으로 분해한 예측모형이 우수하였으며 탱커시장의 EMD분해로 예측한 모형이 우수하였으며 실무적으로 각 운송시장 참여자들에게 새로운 단기예측 방법론을 제시하였다. 이러한 연구는 운송시장에서 양적으로 가장 중요한 건화물 시장과 탱커시장에 대한 다양한 예측방법론을 확대하고 새로운 방법론을 제시하였다는 측면에서 중요하며, 변동성이 큰 운임시장에서 과학적인 의사결정 방법에 대한 실무적인 요구를 반영할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 가장 빈번한 스팟거래에 합리적인 의사결정이 이뤄질 수 있는 기초가 될 것으로 기대된다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2022

It is true that traditional markets have become a great foundation for changes in today's production and distribution. However, with the development of science and information communication gradually, the perspective of distribution has been newly developed. In particular, the digital economy system and the pursuit of perfect competition in the global era have placed a great burden on the traditional market. Accordingly, the government has made numerous efforts to revitalize traditional markets, which has led to the present day. However, the change in production, distribution, and transactional perspectives of newly introduced e-commerce in the position of not being able to deviate from the characteristics of the traditional market, that is, the traditional market, poses another major crisis. Therefore, while maintaining the tradition of the traditional market, the introduction of a new method of electronic trading has a good advantage to become an advanced market, but it has not pursued major changes due to fundamental management methods and small-scale operation. Therefore, I believe that it is urgent to introduce and apply new e-commerce to secure transitional competitiveness in order for the traditional market to be reborn and to pursue change and development into a new advanced market.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.81-99
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• 2001

The world is now meeting the era of e-commerce by development of information technology and the fast increase of use of internet. So, Korean government prepared "the colligation plan for electronic commerce activating" and WTO decides to prolong no custom on e-commerce till November 2001 when the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference holds a meeting. OECD discussed the construction of intellectual property rights of the global dimension at the Global Forum on January 2001 and reached to research the social influence of B-to-B e-commerce and to pursue the acceleration of e-commerce. UNCITRAL(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) enacted UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce in order to activate e-commerce, and Bolero.net serves electronic Bill of Lading to facilitate cyber trading. The purpose of this paper is to present the direction of confrontation to the these internal and external changes of business environment to Korean enterprises. Off-line enterprises should move fast to e-commerce on the condition that the existing trading at the original markets runs parallel with e-commerce. n needed, off-line enterprises should consider M&A with existing on-line firms. Also, off-line firms make use of Bolero system so that they can carry through paperless trade which means the achievement of efficiency in trading, On-line enterprises should advertise in the form of banner by combination of push and pull styles. B-to-B e-commerce firms should not depend on only the commissions, but they should create characteristic earnings by their peculiar services.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제67권
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• pp.69-95
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study is to analyse what are the key financial innovations in the euro area electronic payment systems. TARGET2 is the RTGS-system provided through the Eurosystem. It is used for settling central bank operations, for large interbank transfers in euro and also for other euro-denominated transfers. The specific features of TARGET2 include processing in real time, settlement in central bank money and immediate finality. In addition, the SEPA is a payment-integration initiative of the European Union for simplification of bank transfers denominated in euro. In particular, the main innovations consist of the completion of the phased migration to the TARGET2 infrastructure, and the introduction of a single retail payment market in euro - the SEPA and its products, schemes and frameworks. As the study analyse, the key innovations consist of the TARGET2 introduction, SEPA establishment and migration towards the T2S system. These innovations will lead to a better understanding of the payment and settlement systems' behavior in stress situations and to enhance the stability of the euro area financial system. Moreover, the successful integration of the European payment and settlement infrastructures will further contribute to the integration of the European financial markets, as well as to their higher competitiveness.

• 정보처리학회논문지D
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• 제14D권4호
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• pp.363-372
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• 2007

100여 년 동안 사용자 확인의 한 축을 담당해오던 비밀번호가 비대면 거래가 활성화 되면서 점차 제 기능을 다하지 못하여 이제 바뀔 때가 되었으며, 그 한 방편으로써 간접패스워드인 브레인키를 패스워드시스템에 적용하면 사용자의 패스워드의 해킹 등 다양한 유출 경로가 없으므로, 보다 안전한 전자 상거래를 활성화시킬 수 있다. 비밀번호는 현대인에게 있어서 생활필수품이므로 이에 대한 독점적 지위와 시장선점은 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 또한 비밀번호에 대한 문제는 국내에 국한 되지 않으므로 국내의 상업성은 일개 기업에 국한되지 않고 국제표준화를 선도할 수 있으므로 국가적 이익에도 부합된다. 본 연구에서는 전자상거래에서 발생하는 보안 솔루션을 제시하고자 한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.3674-3710
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• 2014

In this tutorial, we integrate the concept of cognitive radio technology into game theory and supermarket game theory to address the problem of resource allocation in multiuser multicarrier cognitive radio networks. In addition, multiuser multicarrier transmission technique is chosen as a candidate to study the resource allocation problem via game and supermarket game theory. This tutorial also includes various definitions, scenarios and examples related to (i) game theory (including both non-cooperative and cooperative games), (ii) supermarket game theory (including pricing, auction theory and oligopoly markets), and (iii) resource allocation in multicarrier techniques. Thus, interested readers can better understand the main tools that allow them to model the resource allocation problem in multicarrier networks via game and supermarket game theory. In this tutorial article, we first review the most fundamental concepts and architectures of CRNs and subsequently introduce the concepts of game theory, supermarket game theory and common solution to game models such as the Nash equilibrium and the Nash bargaining solution. Finally, a list of related studies is highlighted and compared in this tutorial.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

The technology and market size of image sensors continue to develop thanks to the release of image sensors that exceed 100 million pixels in 2019 and expansion of black box camera markets for vehicles in addition to existing mobile applications. We review the technology flow of image sensors that have been constantly evolving for 40 years since Hitachi launched a 200,000-pixel image sensor in 1979. Although CCD has made inroads into image sensor market for a while based on good picture quality, CMOS image sensor (CIS) with active pixels has made inroads into the market as semiconductor technology continues to develop, since the electrons generated by the incident light are converted to the electric signals in the pixel, and the power consumption is low. CIS image sensors with superior characteristics such as high resolution, high sensitivity, low power consumption, low noise and vivid color continue to be released as the new technologies are incorporated. At present, new types of structures such as Backside Illumination and Isolation Cell have been adopted, with better sensitivity and high S/N ratio. In the future, new photoconductive materials are expected to be adopted as a light absorption part in place of the pn junction.