• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.387-410
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to approach to the internal meanings included in the Happening and the culture of hippies, by analysing the basic mental conditions in the process of the Happening. And this study was composed of the concept and the development of Happening, the characteristics of the hippies that related in the midst of the happening's background, and the formativeness between these factors and hippies'fashion. Since the happening a genre of fine arts expression attended the New School for social research in New York in 1954, Allan Kaprow direct-influenced by John Cage used the word 'Hapening'first, practicing '18 Happenings in 6 parts'at the Rueben gallery in 1959. Kaprow's 18 Happenings was one of the earliest opportunities for a wider public to attend the live events that several artists had performed more privately for various friends. Despite the very different sensibilities and structures of artist's works, artists were all thrown together by the press under the general heading of 'Happening', following Kaprow's 18 Happenings. Being considered as the root of the Happening 'Expression of Sound'of John Cage was the discovery of the exisiting thing- the Happening. Most artists were to be deeply influenced by Cage's theories and attitudes-that is, his sympathy for Zen Buddihism and oriental philosophy-and by reports of the Black Mountain events. These events would directly reflect contemporary painting and stemmed from the Futurists, Dadaists and Surrealists. And Happening's development background was based on the culture of hippies. Swinging London had been under the sway of psychedelic drugs and utopian visions of 'hippie'wave sweeping in from Califonia. This wave, which affected solid middle-class youth first and formost, began in Haight Ashbury in San Francisco. Without dwelling on the hippie movement here, it is worth nothing that it resulted from the convergence of several undercurrents : consciousness-expending drugs, the anti-Vietnam war developments, the impact of English pop groups on American music and the rise of protest songs, and finally the beatnik tradition of non-conformism. Hippie culture and its pursuit of love, peace and psychedelia was the antitheses of 1960s main street fashion. The media gave everyone with long hair the label of 'hippie', but it was always a very loose collage of attitudes and styles. The rejection of sexual taboos was conveyed by the hippie's refusal to wear. Although the bold exposure of body raised controversies because it went against the existing moral values, it has a significant implications. Psychedelics brought mind-expansion and the possibillity that modern technology (light show, synthesized electronic sounds), new fabrics or colors, and LSD could be utilized to provide an escape route from the dreariness of modern life. During the 1960s, traditional costumes, many of which had never been seen outside their native regions, became sought after and adopted in the West, initially by the young, who wanted to demonstrate their solidarity with cultures uncontaminated by mass industry. The most ardent proponents of such folk costumes were the hippies. Hippies dress was sometimes decribed as 'anti-fashion', produced by a patchwork of ragged cast-offs and flamboyant accessories, of outmoded Western dress and time-honored ethnic garments all combined, modified and permutated into variety of personal statements. 'Flower Power'became a reality. From the results of this study, we can see the expanding trend of the influence and the concept of the sew art genre 'Happening'in the formativeness as well as the fine arts field.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.235-245
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• 2011

EBooks refer to electronic versions of books which are accessible via internet with forms of digital texts. In recent years, Amazon's Kindle digital eBooks has revealed the possibilities of success of the e-book market, which leads other companies to launch eBook service such as Google's eBook stores and Apple's iPad and eBook service. These reveal that the eBook market is finally showing a substantial amount of growth. Although the issue of technical support of eBook copyright protection emerges from the fast growing eBook marketplace, current technic of commercial DRM for protecting eBook copyright protection still has problems of non-comparability. Therefore, with the current technical status, DRM comparability problems, which have already occurred in music DRM environment, would also happen in eBook environment. This study suggests a standard framework to support eBook DRM comparability. When development of the standard reference software for eBook DRM comparability is completed, the sources will be registered as shareware to be open to public.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1973

In this study noise source in a ward at four general hospitals in Seoul area has been investigated and analysed. The degree of reaction against noise by 171 randomly has also been examined. The results of the study have shown that the source of noise is the speakers of wired broadcasting or from visiting guests in two hospitals located in residential area. The patients at the two other hospitals located at commercial site have been suffered more from traffic noise. However, because of their separated living at hospital from their ordinary houselife, sixty one percent of the inpatients have wished a music sound of around 60 dB (A). After having considered the results of the investigation and wishes of the inpatients, following suggestions have been made: 1. Reduce the number of guests or their length of stay. 2. Wired broadcasting system should be substitued by wireless one, or if it's unavoidable, it should be used in office rooms only. 3. Since the stops and starts of vehicles induce much noise, Seoul City Government be requested to prepare an appropriate administrative measure for the vehicles around hospital area and it should prevent the establishment of new hospitals along high way site. 4. By using earphone, inpatients can choose a wireless channel according to each individual's taste. This through the masking effect, would cover up the noise source. 5. Rooms along the streets should be utilized as offices, otherwise double windows should be set up for inpatient's wards.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.75-86
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the components and content of nursing intervention studies on mother-infant interactions and to present strategies for future studies. Methods: Four electronic databases in the Korean language were searched to identify studies done between January 1998 and December 2011. The search yielded 145 articles. From these articles, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Mother-infant interactions in these studies were found to include verbal and non-verbal communication basic for optimal growth and development of the child. Six kinds of interventions for mother-infant interactions were identified as follows: sensory stimulation, education program, whole body massage, kangaroo care, visiting support, and music therapy. Conclusion: Further studies with well designed clinical trials need to be done in the area of child nursing to provide evidence based data for the development of strategies to promote positive mother-infant interactions.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2013

Persons with sensorineural hearing impairment have troubles in hearing at noisy environments because of their deteriorated hearing levels and low-spectral resolution of the auditory system and therefore, they use hearing aids to compensate weakened hearing abilities. Various algorithms for hearing loss compensation and environmental noise reduction have been implemented in the hearing aid; however, the performance of these algorithms vary in accordance with external sound situations and therefore, it is important to tune the operation of the hearing aid appropriately in accordance with a wide variety of sound situations. In this study, a sound classification algorithm that can be applied to the hearing aid was suggested. The proposed algorithm can classify the different types of speech situations into four categories: 1) speech-only, 2) noise-only, 3) speech-in-noise, and 4) music-only. The proposed classification algorithm consists of two sub-parts: a feature extractor and a speech situation classifier. The former extracts seven characteristic features - short time energy and zero crossing rate in the time domain; spectral centroid, spectral flux and spectral roll-off in the frequency domain; mel frequency cepstral coefficients and power values of mel bands - from the recent input signals of two microphones, and the latter classifies the current speech situation. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm could classify the kinds of speech situations with an accuracy of over 94.4%. Based on these results, we believe that the proposed algorithm can be applied to the hearing aid to improve speech intelligibility in noisy environments.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2012

Support vector machines (SVMs) are well known for their pattern recognition capability, but proper care should be taken to alleviate their inherent implementation cost resulting from high computational intensity and memory requirement, especially in embedded systems where only limited resources are available. Since the memory requirement determined by the dimensionality and the number of support vectors is generally too high for a cache in embedded systems to accomodate, frequent accesses to the main memory occur inevitably whenever the cache is not able to provide requested data to the processor. These frequent accesses to the main memory result in overall performance degradation and increased energy consumption because a memory access typically takes longer and consumes more energy than a cache access or a register access. In this paper, we propose a technique that reduces the number of main memory accesses by optimizing the data access pattern of the SVM-based classifier in such a way that the temporal locality of the accesses increases, fully utilizing data loaded into the processor chip. With experiments, we confirm the enhancement made by the proposed technique in terms of the number of memory accesses, overall execution time, and energy consumption.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-76
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• 1998

Yanji(延吉) city is the district seat of the Yanbian(延邊) Korean Autonomous District where is located in the Jilin(吉林) Province in China, and also the largest city with a population of three hundred sixty thousand, Since the mid-1980s, the inter-exchange and cooperation between Yanbian District and South Korea has been increased rapidly. That draw many scholars' attention to studying Yanbian District and Korean Chinese as a research theme for area studies. Unfortunately they neglect the study of the commerce and service industry in Yanbian city, which has indicated its rapid growth by the market economic policy of China, and an inter-exchange between Korean Chinese and Korean. The purpose of this study is to provide an information to many Korean potential investors for an investment strategy of the commerce and service industry in Yanji city. In order to do so, this study consists of three major steps. First of all. we analyzed the regional structure and locational characteristics of the commerce and service industry in Yanji City. Secondly, we investigated the characteristics of consumers behavior toward purchasing goods and service facilities. Finally, we supplied the proper businesses and location information for investment to Korean firms according to the results that identified above. In conclusion, we suggest that the proper businesses to invest are department store, retail clothing store, shoes store, cosmetics store, electronics and home appliances store, oversea branch offices of trading companies, Korean-style restaurant, hotel, nightclubs, Korean-style music room(Noraebang), travel agencies, beauty parlors, video rooms, electronic games, and so on. We also suggest that the proper locational areas to invest those businesses are the core area of the commerce and service industry in Yanji, where are Xinxing(新興) 3-zone and Jinxue(進學) 2-zone expressed in the Yanji city figure.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.73
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• pp.47-79
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• 2022

NFT is literally a 'non-fungible token', a digital file that records specific virtual assets on a blockchain. Events such as ownership of the asset and transaction history are recorded on the blockchain through the token transaction, so counterfeiting and falsification are impossible. Therefore, NFT is used as a tool that can uniquely represent a specific virtual asset. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of NFT from a records management point of view and to find ways to use them, and focuses on digital records that have the characteristics of assets as digital works. For this purpose, we first examine the basic concept of NFT and the principle of ownership and proof of value as an asset for digital works. In addition, it was confirmed how the advantages of NFT were applied through NFT use cases in various fields, and in particular, areas related to audio-visual records such as art, music, sports, and fashion were focused on. Furthermore, by comparing the characteristics of digital records with those of NFT, factors applicable to electronic records were identified. Finally, the types of digital records that are expected to be effective in the application of NFT were identified, and the possibility of their use and discussion points for introduction in records management are presented.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

This paper analyzes the trends in generative AI technology based on patent application documents. To achieve this, we selected 5,433 generative AI-related patents filed in South Korea, the United States, and Europe from 2003 to 2023, and analyzed the data by country, technology category, year, and applicant, presenting it visually to find insights and understand the flow of technology. The analysis shows that patents in the image category account for 36.9%, the largest share, with a continuous increase in filings, while filings in the text/document and music/speech categories have either decreased or remained stable since 2019. Although the company with the highest number of filings is a South Korean company, four out of the top five filers are U.S. companies, and all companies have filed the majority of their patents in the U.S., indicating that generative AI is growing and competing centered around the U.S. market. The findings of this paper are expected to be useful for future research and development in generative AI, as well as for formulating strategies for acquiring intellectual property.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.7
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• pp.64-104
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• 2005

Visual media transmits image and information reproduced in large quantities, such as a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, or computer image. Correspondence to the students' reception and recognition of culture in the future. arrangements for the field of studies of visual culture. 'Visual Culture' implies cultural phenomena of visual images via visual media, which includes not only the categories of traditional arts like a painting, sculpture, print, or design, but the performance arts including a fashion show or parade of carnival, and the mass and electronic media like a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, cartoon, animation, or computer image. In the world of visual media, Image' functions as an essential medium of communication. Therefore, people call the culture of today fra of Image Culture', which has been converted from an alphabet convergence era to an image convergence one. Image, via visual media, has become a dominant means for communication in large part of human life, so we can designate an Image' as a typical aspect of visual culture today. Image, as an essential medium of communication, plays an important role in contemporary society. The one way is the conversion of analogue image like an actual picture, photograph, or film into digital one through the digitalization of digital camera or scanner as 'an analogue/digital commutator'. The other is a way of process with a computer drawing, or modeling of objects. It is appropriate to the production of pictorial and surreal images. Digital images, produced by the other, can be divided into the form of Pixel' and form of Vector'. Vector is a line linking the point of departure to the point of end, which organizes informations. Computer stores each line's standard location and correlative locations to one another Digital image shows for more 'Perfectness' than any other visual media. Digital image has been evolving in the diverse aspects, such as a production of geometrical or organic image compositing, interactive art, multimedia art, or web art, which has been applied a computer as an extended trot of painting. Someone often interprets digitalized copy with endless reproduction of original even as an extension of a print. Visual af is no longer a simple activity of representation by a painter or sculptor, but now is intimately associated with a matter of application of media. There is some problem in images via visual media. First, the image via media doesn't reflect a reality as it is, but reflects an artificial manipulated world, that is, a virtual reality. Second, the introduction of digital effect and the development of image processing technology have enhanced a spectacle of destructive and violent scenes. Third, a child intends to recognize the interactive images of computer game and virtual reality as a reality, or truth. Education needs not only to point out an ill effect of mass media and prevent the younger generation from being damaged by it, but also to offer a knowledge and know-how to cope actively with social, cultural circumstances. Visual media education is one of these essential methods for the contemporary and future human being in the overflowing of image informations. The fosterage of 'Visual Literacy' can be considered as a very purpose of visual media education. This is a way to lead an individual to the discerning, active consumer and producer of visual media in life as far as possible. The elements of 'Visual Literacy' can be divided into a faculty of recognition related to the visual media, a faculty of critical reception, a faculty of appropriate application, a faculty of active work and a faculty of creative modeling, which are promoted at the same time by the education of 'visual literacy'. In conclusion, the education of 'Visual Literacy' guides students to comprehend and discriminate the visual image media carefully, or receive them critically, apply them properly, or produce them creatively and voluntarily. Moreover, it leads to an artistic activity by means of new media. This education can be approached and enhanced by the connection and integration with real life. Visual arts and education of them play an important role in the digital era depended on visual communications via image information. Visual me야a of day functions as an essential element both in daily life and in arts. Students can soundly understand visual phenomena of today by means of visual media, and apply it as an expression tool of life culture as well. A new recognition and valuation visual image and media education is required to cultivate the capability of active, upright dealing with the changes of history of civilization. 1) Visual media education helps to cultivate a sensibility for images, which reacts to and deals with the circumstances. 2) It helps students to comprehend the contemporary arts and culture via new media. 3) It supplies a chance of students' experiencing a visual modeling by means of new media. 4) There are educational opportunities of images with temporality and spaciality, and therefore a discerning person becomes to increase. 5) The modeling activity via new media leads students to be continuously interested in the school and production of plastic arts. 6) It raises the ability of visual communications dealing with image information society. 7) An education of digital image is significant in respect of cultivation of man of talent for the future society of image information as well. To correspond to the changing and developing social, cultural circumstances, and the form and recognition of students' reception of them, visual arts education must arrange the field of studying on a new visual culture. Besides, a program needs to be developed, which is in more systematic and active level in relation to visual media education. Educational contents should be extended to the media for visual images, that is, photography, film, television, video, computer graphic, animation, music video, computer game and multimedia. Every media must be separately approached, because they maintain the modes and peculiarities of their own according to the conveyance form of message. The concrete and systematic method of teaching and the quality of education must be researched and developed, centering around the development of a course of study. Teacher's foundational capability of teaching should be cultivated for the visual media education. In this case, it must be paid attention to the fact that a technological level of media is considered as a secondary. Because school education doesn't intend to train expert and skillful producers, but intends to lay stress on the essential aesthetic one with visual media under the social and cultural context, in respect of a consumer including a man of culture.