• Title/Summary/Keyword: Electron range

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Synthesis and Screening of the System $SrO-Gd_2O_3-Al_2O_3$Doped with Tb by Polymerized-Complex Combinatorial Chemistry (고분자 착체 조합 화학법을 이용한 Tb이 첨가된 $SrO-Gd_2O_3-Al_2O_3$계 형광물질의 합성 및 탐색)

  • Jeong, Yang Sun;Kim, Chang Hae;Park, Hee Dong;Park, Joon Taik;Kang, Sung Kwon
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.45 no.5
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    • pp.461-469
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    • 2001
  • The combinatorial approach has been applied to discover and optimize the composition of the novel or enhanced materials. In this study, we screened the optimum composition of the system SrO-Gd$_2$O$_3$-Al$_2$O$_3$ doped with $Tb^{3+}$ by a polymerized-complex combinatorial chemistry method. Mixtures with compositions of Sr, Gd and Al component that is in the range from 0 to 1 in about 0.05 increments could be tested. The sample powders were synthesized by a polymerized complex method. To prepare appropriately polymeric precursors, we used the metallic nitrates, citric acid and ethylene glycol. The luminescence properties of the synthesized powders are investigated using the UV and VUV (Vacuum-UV: 147 nm) photoluminescence spectrometer. In addition, the crystallinity and morphology of powder were monitored by X-ray diffraction spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy. In result of VUV PL works, there are good luminescent samples with the composition of 0.595 < x < 0.733 and 0.016 < y < 0.017 in Gd1-x-yAlxTbyO$\delta$ and 0.049 < x < 0.064 and 0.02 < y < 0.039 in $Sr_xAl_{1-x-y}Tb_yO_$\delta$$, their materials can be applicable to plasma display panels as the green phosphor.

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Characteristic Evaluation of Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter (OSLD) for Dosimetry (광유도발광선량계(Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter)의 선량 특성에 관한 고찰)

  • Kim, Jeong-Mi;Jeon, Su-Dong;Back, Geum-Mun;Jo, Young-Pil;Yun, Hwa-Ryong;Kwon, Kyung-Tae
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.123-129
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dosimetric characteristics of Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLD) for dosimetry Materials and Methods: InLight/OSL $NanoDot^{TM}$ dosimeters was used including $Inlight^{TM}MicroStar$ Reader, Solid Water Phantom, and Linear accelerator ($TRYLOGY^{(R)}$) OSLDs were placed at a Dmax in a solid water phantom and were irradiated with 100 cGy of 6 MV X-rays. Most irradiations were carried out using an SSD set up 100 cm, $10{\times}10\;cm^2$ field and 300 MU/min. The time dependence were measured at 10 minute intervals. The dose dependence were measured from 50 cGy to 600 cGy. The energy dependence was measured for nominal photon beam energies of 6, 15 MV and electron beam energies of 4-20 MeV. The dose rate dependence were also measured for dose rates of 100-1,000 MU/min. Finally, the PDD was measured by OSLDs and Ion-chamber. Results: The reproducibility of OSLD according to the Time flow was evaluated within ${\pm}2.5%$. The result of Linearity of OSLD, the dose was increased linearly up to about the 300 cGy and increased supralinearly above the 300 cGy. Energy and dose rate dependence of the response of OSL detectors were evaluated within ${\pm}2%$ and ${\pm}3%$. $PDD_{10}$ and PDD20 which were measured by OSLD was 66.7%, 38.4% and $PDD_{10}$ and $PDD_{20}$ which were measured by Ion-chamber was 66.6%, 38.3% Conclusion: As a result of analyzing characteration of OSLD, OSLD was evaluated within ${\pm}3%$ according to the change of the time, enregy and dose rate. The $PDD_{10}$ and $PDD_{20}$ are measured by OSLD and ion-chamber were evaluated within 0.3%. The OSL response is linear with a dose in the range 50~300 cGy. It was possible to repeat measurement many times and progress of the measurement of reading is easy. So the stability of the system and linear dose response relationship make it a good for dosimetry.

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Monitoring Methylmercury in Abyssal Fish (심해성 어류 중 메틸수은 모니터링)

  • Kim, Seong-Cheol;Jang, Jin-Wook;Kim, Hyun-Ah;Lee, Sang-Ho;Jung, Young-Ji;Kim, Ji-Yeon;Ahn, Jong-Hoon;Park, Eun-Hye;Ko, Yong-Seok;Kim, Dong-Sul;Kim, Sang-Yub;Jang, Young-Mi;Kang, Chan-Soon
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.383-389
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    • 2010
  • The aim of this study was to determine the methylmercury (MeHg) levels in abyssal fish species. The MeHg in the fishes was extracted with hydrochloric acid and toluene and then purified using an L-cysteine solution. The extract was analyzed with a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}ECD$) with a thermon Hg-capillary column. The detection limit and the recovery of the method were 0.002 and 84.2-98.5% (mean, 93.4%), respectively. The MeHg content in 492 abyssal fishes ranged from 0.037 to 2.009 mg/kg. The levels of MeHg [range, mg/kg (mean)] were significantly dependent on fish species and presented as the following; 0.157-2.009 (0.546) in Scalloped hammerhead shark, 0.211-0.878 (0.501) in Blue shark, 0.121-0.993 (0.482) in Spiny dogfish, 0.243-0.658 (0.397) in Salmon shark, 0.074-1.958 (0.353) in Blacktip shark, 0.038-0.807 (0.302) in Southern hake, 0.099-0.511 (0.300) in Scorpion fish, and 0.037-0.133 (0.067) in Ling. The monitoring results showed that the estimated weekly intake of MeHg from sharks, Southern hake, and Ling were lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives.

Illite, Reviewed on the Chemical Compositions - The Mixed Phase among Muscovite, Pyrophyllite and Chlorite: EPMA Quantitative Analysis of Shale from the Jigunsan Formation at Seokgaejae in Samchuk-City, Gangwon-do (화학조성으로 다시 보는 일라이트-백운모, 파이로필라이트 및 녹니석의 혼합상: 강원도 삼척시 석개재에 분포하는 직운산층 셰일에 대한 EPMA 정량분석)

  • Choi, Seung-Hyun;Mun, Hyang-Ran;Lee, Young-Boo;Lee, Jung-Hoo
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.143-153
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    • 2012
  • Mica-type minerals (illites) in the shales of the Jigunsan formation at Seokgaejae in Samchuk-City, Gangwon-do are studied using electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The average chemical formula of the mica-type mineral obtained from the quantitative analysis is $(K_{1.17}Na_{0.04}Ca_{0.01})(Al_{2.80}Mg_{1.17}Fe_{0.78})(Si_{6.34}Al_{1.66})O_{20}(OH)_4$, which shows a chemical formula within the range of illite. These illites so called can be considered as mixed-phases among muscovite, pyrophyllite and chlorite due to the low contents of interlayer cations and high Mg, Fe. The formula of illite is separated into those three minerals and the method for the separation is newly formulated and proposed in this study. From the formula of illite, the content of muscovite is estimated from K (Na and Ca included), the content of chlorite by Mg+Fe, and the rest remains as pyrophyllite. The chemical formula of muscovite can be calculated by subtracting the compositions of pyrophyllite and chlorite from the analyzed composition of illite using an ideal formula for pyrophyllite and analyzed average formula for chlorite. The calculated formula of muscovite is supposed to be stoichiometric in principle. The result of the separation of analyzed illite is 61% muscovite, 27.3% chlorite and 11.7% pyrophyllite and the calculated formula of muscovite after separation is $(K,Na,Ca)_{2.00}Al_{3.69}(Si_{6.75}Al_{1.25})O_{20}(OH)_4$. The calculated formula of muscovite slightly low in Al content can be considered to be reasonable in general when the low content of Al in the rock and the uncertainties of chlorite compositions used in the calculation are counted. This supports that the method of separation proposed in this study is also applicable.

Compositional Variation of Arsenopyrites in Arsenic and Polymetallic Ores from the Ulsan Mine, Republic of Korea, and their Application to a Geothermometer (울산광산산(蔚山鑛山産) 유비철석(硫砒鐵石)의 조성변화(組成變化) 및 지질온도계(地質溫度計)에 대(對)한 적용(適用))

  • Choi, Seon-Gyu;Chung, Jae-Ill;Imai, Naoya
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.199-218
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    • 1986
  • Arsenopyrite in arsenic and polymetallic ores from calcic Fe-W skarn deposit of the Ulsan mine, Republic of Korea, has been investigated by means of electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffractometry. As a result, it is revealed that the Ulsan arsenopyrite may be classified into the following three species with different generation on the basis of its mode of occurrence, chronological order during polymetallic mineralization and chemical composition; arsenopyrites I, II and III. 1) Arsenopyrite I-(Ni, Co)-bearing species belonging to the oldest generation, which has crystallized together with (Ni, Co)-arsenides and -sulpharsenides in the early stage of polymetallic mineralization. In rare cases, it contains a negligible amount of antimony. It occurs usually as discrete grains with irregular outline, showing rarely subhedral form, and is diffused in skarn zone. The maximum contents of nickel and cobalt are 10.04 Ni and 2.45 Co (in weight percent). Occasionally, it shows compositional zoning with narrow rim of lower (Ni+Co) content. 2) Arsenopyrite II-arsenian species, in which (Ni+Co) content is almost negligible, may occur widely in arsenic ores, and its crystallization has followed that of arsenopyrite I. It usually shows subhedral to euhedral form and is closely associated with $l{\ddot{o}}llingite$, bismuth, bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bismuthian tennantite, etc. It is worthy of note that arsenopyrite II occasionally contains particles consisting of both bismuth and bismuthinite. 3) Arsenopyrite III-(Ni, Co)-free, S-excess and As-deficient species is close to the stoichiometric composition, FeAsS. It occurs in late hydrothermal veins, which cut clearly the Fe-W ore pipe and the surrounding skarn zone. It shows euhedral to subhedral form, being extremely coarse-grained, and is closely associated with pyrite, "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, etc. Among three species of the Ulsan arsenopyrite, arsenopyrite I does not serve as a geothermometer, because (Ni+Co) content always exceeds 1 weight percent. In spite of the absence of Fe-S minerals as sulphur-buffer assemblage, the presence of $Bi(l)-Bi_2S_3$ sulphur-buffer enables arsenopyrite II to apply successfully to the estimation of either temperature and sulphur fugacity, the results are, $T=460{\sim}470^{\circ}C$, and log $f(S_2)=-7.4{\sim}7.0$. With reference to arsenopyrite III, only arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite and "primary" monoclinic pyrrhotite may serve to restrict the range of both temperature and sulphur fugacity, $T=320{\sim}440^{\circ}C$, log $f(S_2)=-9.0{\sim}7.0$. These temperature data are consistent with those obtained by fluid inclusion geothermometry on late grandite garnet somewhat earlier than arsenopyrite II. At the beginning of this paper, the geological environments of the ore formation at Ulsan are considered from regional and local geologic settings, and physicochemical conditions are suspected, in particular the formation pressure (lithostatic pressure) is assumed to be 0.5kb (50MPa). The present study on arsenopyrite geothermometry, however, does not bring about any contradictions against the above premises. Thus, the following genetical view on the Ulsan ore deposit previously advocated by two of the present authors (Choi and Imai) becomes more evident; the ore deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature with steep geothermal gradient-xenothermal conditions.

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A STUDY ON IN VIVO AND IN VITRO AMALGAM CORROSION (아말감의 구강내 부식 및 인공 부식에 관한 연구)

  • Lim, Byong-Mok;Kwon, Hyuk-Choon;Um, Chung-Moon
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.1-33
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    • 1997
  • The objective of this study was to analyze the in vitro and in vivo corrosion products of low and high copper amalgams. The four different types of amalgam alloy used in this study were Fine cut, Caulk spherical, Dispersalloy, and Tytin. After each amalgam alloy and Hg were triturated according to the directions of the manufacturer by means of the mechanical amalgamator(Amalgam mixer. Shinhung Co. Korea), the triturated mass was inserted into a cylindrical metal mold which was 12mm in diameter and 10mm in height. The mass was condensed by 150Kg/cm compressive force. The specimen was removed from the mold and aged at room temperature for about seven days. The standard surface preparation was routinely carried out by emery paper polishing under running water. In vitro amalgam specimens were potentiostatically polarized ten times in a normal saline solution at $37^{\circ}C$(potentiostat : HA-301. Hukuto Denko Corp. Japan). Each specimen was subjected to anodic polarization scan within the potential range -1700mV to+400mV(SCE). After corrosion tests, anodic polarization curves and corrosion potentials were obtained. The amount of component elements dissolved from amalgams into solution was measured three times by ICP AES(Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Plasma 40. Perkim Elmer Co. U.S.A.). The four different types of amalgam were filled in occlusal and buccal class I cavities of four human 3rd molars. After about five years the restorations were carefully removed after tooth extraction to preserve the structural details including the deteriorated margins. The occlusal surface, amalgam-tooth interface and the fractured surface of in vivo amalgam corrosion products were analyzed. In vivo and in vitro amalgam specimens were examined and analyzed metallographically by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan) and EDAX(Energy Dispersive Micro X-ray Analyser: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan). 1. The following results are obtained from in vitro corrosion tests. 1) Corrosion potentials of all amalgams became more noble after ten times passing through the in vitro corrosion test compared to first time. 2) After times through the test, released Cu concentration in saline solution was almost equal but highest in Fine cut. Ag and Hg ion concentration was highest in Caulk spherical and Sn was highest in Dispersalloy. 3) Analyses of surface corrosion products in vitro reveal the following results. a)The corroded surface of Caulk spherical has Na-Sn-Cl containing clusters of $5{\mu}m$ needle-like crystals and oval shapes of Sn-Cl phase, polyhedral Sn oxide phase. b)In Fine cut, there appeared to be a large Sn containing phase, surrounded by many Cu-Sn phases of $1{\mu}m$ granular shapes. c)Dispersalloy was covered by a thick reticular layer which contained Zn-Cl phase. d)In Tytin, a very thin, corroded layer had formed with irregularly growing Sn-Cl phases that looked like a stack of plates. 2. The following results are obtained by an analysis of in vivo amalgam corrosion products. 1) Occlusal surfaces of all amalgams were covered by thick amorphous layers containing Ca-P elements which were abraded by occlusal force. 2) In tooth-amalgam interface, Ca-P containing products were examined in all amalgams but were most clearly seen in low copper amalgams. 3) Sn oxide appeared as a polyhedral shape in internal space in Caulk spherical and Fine cut. 4) Apical pyramidal shaped Sn oxide and curved plate-like Sn-Cl phases resulted in Dispersalloy. 5) In Tytin, Sn oxide and Sn hydroxide were not seen but polyhedral Ag-Hg phase crystal appeared in internal space which assumed a ${\beta}_l$ phase.

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Characteristics of Sintered Bodies Made from the System of Paper Sludge Ash - Fly Ash - Clay (종이재-석탄회-점토계 소지를 이용한 소결체의 특성 연구)

  • Hong, Jin-Ok;Kang, Seung-Gu;Lee, Ki-Gang;Kim, Yoo-Taek;Kim, Young-Jin;Kim, Jung-Hwan;Park, Myoung-Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.38 no.10
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    • pp.908-913
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    • 2001
  • Paper sludge Ash (PA) and Fly Ash (FA) wastes are usually land-filled for reclamation or substituted for cements as a resource. It could also offer some advantages when they are substituted for clay to preserve the environment. To recycle those wastes, the sintered specimen made of PA-FA-Clay system were examined to find the microstructure and physical properties. The ratio of clay to wastes was fixed as 30:70 by wt%, while PA to FA within waste portion were varied in the range of $1:6{\sim}7:0$. Those specimens were fired in $1150{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$. It was found that the relative density of sintered specimen was increased with amount of PA added at low sintering temperature (i.e, $1150{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$). This is due to increased amount of liquid during sintering. It is shown, however that at high sintering temperature ($1250{\sim}1350^{\circ}C$), the relative density of specimens was decreased with amount of PA added. This is because of overfiring phenomenon which may be able to induce an inhomogeneous microstructure and increased porosity. The mechanical properties of sintered specimen were depended upon the homogeneity of microstructure in accordance with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and pore size distribution analysis. For example, the compressive strength of 10PA-60FA-30Clay specimen sintered at $1225^{\circ}C$ was twice higher than that of 70PA-30Clay specimen even thought the relative density of those specimen was similar. This decreased strength of 70PA-30Clay specimen appears to be an inhomogeneity of microstructure due to overfiring.

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Leaf epidermal structure of the Allium L. and its taxonomic significance (부추속(Allium L.) 잎 표피의 구조와 이의 분류학적 중요성)

  • Choi, Hyeok-Jae;Jang, Chang-Gee;Ko, Sung-Chul;Oh, Byoung-Un
    • Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.97-118
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    • 2004
  • A comparative anatomical and ultrastructural study was undertaken to investigare on the leaf epidermis by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the basis of results from this study, it was grasped major characters of taxa and variation range of each character on the level of species, section and subgenus respectively. The shape of leaf epidermal cell was oblong to linear, which was varied by each taxon. Epidermal cell of taxa in sects. Microscordum, Anguinum, and Rhizirideum, which had wide leaf blade, oblong instead of linear shape in others examined taxa in this study. The leaf of taxa in sect. Anguinum was hypostomatic, while the rest of taxa had amphistomatic leaf. This was also one of characters which could discriminate taxa of sect. Anguinum from others. The guard cell in investigated taxa had not so much variation in the respect of its size. The number of stomata per unit area reduced by increasing size of epidermal cell, the fewest number of stomata per unit area was found in the taxa of sect. Anguinum. The type of stomatal apparatus of observed all taxa was anomocytic. It was found to know ultrastructural variation in the epidermal cell, like as patterns of sculpture on the cell wall, and features of deposition of wax by SEM. There were no depositions of wax in the taxa of sect. Microscordum and Anguinum, but fine thread-like structures which were parallel or cross to axis was found on the surface of epidermal cell respectively. The patterns of sculpture on the cell were prominent straight in sects. Recticulato-bulbosa and Rhizirideum, discontinuous line in the sect. Oreiprason. The epicuticular wax had been deposited on the surface of its epidermal cell in all taxa except sects. Microscordum and Anguinum.

Asbestos Exposure and Health Risk Assessment for the Residents Near the Abandoned Mining Area in Chungbuk, Korea (충북지역 폐석면광산 인근주민의 석면노출과 건강위해도 평가)

  • Shin, Jin-Ho;Oh, Seok-Ryul;Hwang, Soon-Yong;Chung, Sook-Nye;Kim, Ji-Hui;Nam, Eun-Jung;Lee, Jin-Hyo;Choi, Hee-Jin;Eom, Seok-Won;Chae, Young-Zoo;Park, Chul-Hwi
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.345-350
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    • 2012
  • To investigate the exposure and health risk assessment for the residents near the D-asbestos mine in Chungbuk, Korea. We analyzed asbestos in the 20 ambient air and 23 activity based samples near the mine. The airborne sample results are showed that 8 of 20 samples ranged between 0.0025 to 0.0029 f/cc (fiber per cubic centimeter) and the others were below the detection limit by phase contrast microscopy (PCM). In addition, asbestos fibers were under the detection limit or not being by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on interview and survey targeting the local residents, we made the activity based sampling (ABS) scenarios fit to the conditions of field. At the same time, we calculated the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of these ABS scenarios according to the ELCR average value and 95% upper confidence limit (UCL). At the case of weed whacking, soil digging and sweeping yard scenario, 95% UCL of ELCR exceeded the $1{\times}10^{-4}$, acceptable risk range for exposure. Based on our study results, it is necessary safety measures such as risk communication, abatement or management of naturally occurring asbestos (NOA).

Effects of the Addition of Vegetables on Oxidized Frying oil (항산화 채소류 첨가가 가열 산패된 유지에 미치는 영향)

  • 김업식;최은미;구성자
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.557-561
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    • 2002
  • The changes in some chemical and physical properties of fresh or rancid soybean oil by the treatment with sweet potato, potato, burdock, and carrot were investigated. The results of the study were as follows: The specific gravity of the soybean oil increased by heating and decreased by the addition of sweet potato, burdock and carrot into the oil. The chromaticity of soybean oil increased by heating and treatment with above vegetables having antioxidant activity. To investigate the antioxidant effects of above vegetables during heating, anisidine value (AV) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) electron donating ability were measured. The AV of oil decreased by heating with sweet potato in fresh or rancid oil. The DPPH value decreased by heating with sweet potato and carrot, of which the antioxidant activity were similar to that of 0.02 ∼ 0.05 mg of dl-${\alpha}$ -tocopherol.