• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.893-899
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• 2013

This study was to determine the efficacy in the remineralization on premary teeth following the application of toothpaste with and without sodium fluoride. All tooth were checked using microhardness tester and the calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) concentration by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis for the 4 weeks. The collected data was analysed using the statistical software program SPSS, 20.0. The applied enamel of premary teeth with 0.243% fluoridated toothpaste resulted in significant differences in the microhardness values (p>0.05). The Ca and P concentrations of applied premary teeth with fluoridated toothpaste were also significant difference in norm wt% (p>0.05). As a results, a increasing the surface microhardness of the premary teeth and providing a remineralizing effect by increased Ca and P concentrations.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.293-303
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• 1996

This paper aims to probe that the effect of high dose of cyclophosphamide to the Sertoli cells of the mouse was examined by transmission electron microscope. In the normal group, Sertoli cells contact each other around the basal aspect of the seminiferous tubule, forming numerous row of tight junction, blood-testis barrier. Sertoli cells contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum, well developed Golgi comples, a number of round mitochondria and microfilament. The cytoplasmic necrosis are observed from the 1-time treated group. In the 2-times treated group, smooth endoplasmic reticulum are more developed than normal group, but cisternae are partially dilated. In the 3-times treated group, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are not developed. In the 2-times treated group, the inner membrane of the mitochondria are partially disrupted, and cristae are all disrupted in the 3-times treated group. The microfilaments are not observed in the all treated groups. According to the results above, it seems that smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and microfilament are disrupted by toxic effects of the cyclosphamide to the Sertoli cells of the mouse.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 1997

AB-type amphiphilic copolymers (abbreviated as LE) composed of poly (L-leucine) (PLL) as the A component and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the B component were synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization of L-leucine N-carboxy-anhydride initiated by methoxy polyoxyethylene amine $(Me-PEO-NH_2)$ and characterized. Core-shell type nanoparticles were prepared by the diafiltration method. Particle size distribution obtained by dynamic light scattering was dependent on PLL composition and the size for LE-1, LE-2 and LE-3 was $369.6{\pm}267$, $523.4{\pm}410$ and $561.2{\pm}364 nm$, respectively. Shapes of the nanoparticies observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) were almostly spherical. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the nanoparticles determined by a fluorescence probe technique was dependent on the composition of hydrophobic PLL, and the CMC for LE-1, LE-2 and LE-3 was $2.0{\times}10^{-6},1.7{\times}10^{-6}$ and $1.5{\times}10^{-6}(mol/l) $, respectively. Clonazepam release from core-shell type nanoparticles in vitro was dependent on PLL composition and drug loading content.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.27.2-27.2
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 저저항/고투과 플렉시블 투명 전극 개발을 위해 금속 그리드가 적용된 투명 전극을 개발하였다. Lift off 공정을 도입하여 플렉시블 PET 기판 위에 Ag grid를 성막하고 이후 연속 공정이 가능한 Roll-to-Roll sputtering system을 이용하여 최적화된 ITO(40nm)/Ag(12nm)/ITO(40nm) 다층 투명 전극을 성막하였다. 제작된 플렉시블 투명 전극의 전기적, 광학적, 구조적 특성 및 기계적/전기적 안정성 평가를 위해 four-point probe measurement, Hall effect measurement, UV/Vis spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy 및 bending tester를 이용하여 각각의 특성을 분석하였다. Ag grid가 적용된 ITO/Ag/ITO 투명 전극에서 Ag의 배선 간격이 0.75 mm일 때 0.18 ohm/sq. 의 낮은 면 저항과 가시광선 영역에서 80% 이상의 높은 투과율을 나타내었으며, 이러한 저저항 및 고투과율 특성으로 인해 최적화된 배선 간격 0.75 mm에서 $538.11{\times}10^{-3}\;ohm^{-1}$의 매우 높은 figure of merit ($T^{10}/R_{sh}$) 값을 확보할 수 있었다. 기계적 응력에 따른 전기적 안정성 특성 분석 결과 5,000회 이상의 bending cycle 에서도 초기 저항 값과 유사한 전기적 특성을 나타냄으로써 Ag grid가 적용된 ITO/Ag/ITO 플렉시블 투명 전극의 기계적 응력에 따른 전기적 안정성을 확인할 수 있었다. Ag grid가 적용된 ITO/Ag/ITO 투명 전극의 투명 안테나 적용 가능성을 타진하기 위해 low band 및 high band 영역에서의 안테나 효율을 측정하였으며, 모든 영역에서 상용화된 copper 안테나와 유사한 효율을 나타내었다. Ag grid를 이용한 플렉시블 투명 전극의 저저항/고투과율 특성은 플렉시블 광전소자의 투명 안테나로의 적용 가능성을 나타낸다.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.186-193
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• 2014

A thin Cu seed layer for electroplating has been employed for decades in the miniaturization and integration of printed circuit board (PCB), however many problems are still caused by the thin Cu seed layer, e.g., open circuit faults in PCB, dimple defects, low conductivity, and etc. Here, we studied the effect of heat treatment of the thin Cu seed layer on the deposition rate of electroplated Cu. We investigated the heat-treatment effect on the crystallite size, morphology, electrical properties, and electrodeposition thickness by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), four point probe (FPP), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements, respectively. The results showed that post heat treatment of the thin Cu seed layer could improve surface roughness as well as electrical conductivity. Moreover, the deposition rate of electroplated Cu was improved about 148% by heat treatment of the Cu seed layer, indicating that the enhanced electrical conductivity and surface roughness accelerated the formation of Cu nuclei during electroplating. We also confirmed that the electrodeposition rate in the via filling process was also accelerated by heat-treating the Cu seed layer.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.534-538
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• 2002

Dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum (AI) alloy 1050 and magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31 was successfully done in the limited welding parameters. The dissimilar weld showed good quality and facility compared to conventional fusion weld. Transverse cross section perpendicular to the welding direction had no defects. The weld was divided into base material of Al alloy, an irregular shaped stir zone and base material of Mg alloy. The irregular shaped stir zone was roughly located around the initial weld center. The weld interface near plate surface shifted from initial weld centerline to the advancing side. Hardness profile of the weld was heterogeneous, and the hardness value of the stir zone was raised to about 150 Hv to 250 Hv. The mixed phase was identified to intermetallic compound $Mg_{17}$Al$_{12}$ using x-ray diffraction method, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The formation of intermetallic compound $Mg_{17}$Al$_{12}$ during FSW causes the remarkable increase in hardness value in the stir zone.one.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

By the trends of electronic package to be more integrative, the fine Cu trace pitch of organic PCB is required to be a robust design. In this study, the short circuit failure mechanism of PCB with a Cl element under the Temperature humidity bias test ($85^{\circ}C$/85%RH/3.5V) was examined by micro-structural study. A focused ion beam (FIB) and an electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) were used to polish the cross sections to reveal details of the microstructure of the failure mode. It is found that $CuCl_x$ were formed and grown on Cu trace during the $170^{\circ}C$/3hrs and that $CuCl_x$ was decomposed into Cu dendrite and $Cl_2$ gas during the $85^{\circ}C$/85%RH/3.5V. It is suggested that Cu dendrites formed on Cu trace lead to a short circuit failure between a pair of Cu traces.

• Carbon letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2011

In this present work, the effect of additional heat-treatment (AHT) in the range from $1800^{\circ}C$ to $2400^{\circ}C$ on the chemical composition, morphology, microstructure, tensile properties, electrical resistivity, and thermal stability of commercial polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers was explored by means of elemental analysis, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, single fiber tensile testing, two-probe electrical resistivity testing, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The characterization results were in agreement with each other. The results clearly demonstrated that AHTs up to $2400^{\circ}C$ played a significant role in further contributing not only to the enhancement of carbon content, fiber morphology, and tensile modulus, but also to the reduction of fiber diameter, inter-graphene layer distance, and electrical resistivity of "as-received" carbon fibers without AHT. The present study suggests that key properties of commercial PAN-based carbon fibers of an intermediate grade can be further improved by proprietarily adding heat-treatment without applying tension in a batch process.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 2010

Compared with organic fluorophores, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have the better properties such as photostability, narrow emission spectra coupled to tunable photoluminescent emissions and exceptional resistance to both photo bleaching and chemical degradation. In this work, CdSe/ZnS QDs nanobeads were prepared by the incorporation of CdSe/ZnS QDs with mesoporous silica to use as the optical probe for detecting toxic and bio- materials with high sensitivity, CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs were synthesized from the precursors such as CdO and zinc stearate with the lower toxicity than pyrotic precursors. The QD-nanobeads were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, FL microscopy, UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy, respectively.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.139-143
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• 2005

For application of carbon nano-tube (CNT) as a counter electrode materials of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), the electrochemical behavior of CNT electrode was studied, employing cyclic-voltammetry (C-V) and impedance spectroscopy. Fabrication of CNT-paste and formation of CNT-counter electrode for characteristic measurement have been carried out using ball-milling and doctor blade process, respectively. Unit cell for measurements was assembled using Pt electrode, CNT electrode, and iodine-embedded electrolyte. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used for structural investigation of CNT powder and electrode. Sheet resistance of electrode was measured with 4-point probe method. Electrochemical properties of electrode, C-V and impedance spectrum, were studied, employing potentiogalvanostat (EG&G 273A) and lock in amplifier (EG&G 5210). As a results, the sheet resistance of CNT electrode is almost similar to that of F-doped SnO2 (FTO) coated glass substrate as approximately 10 ohm/sq. From C-V and impedance spectroscopy measurements, it was found that CNT electrode has high reaction rate and low interface reaction resistance between CNT surface and electrolyte. These results provides that CNT electrode were superior to that of conventional Pt electrode. Particularly, the reaction rate in the CNT electrode is about thrice high than Pt electrode. Therefore. CNT electrode is to be good candidate material for counter electrode in DSSC.