• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.403-411
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• 1990

The present investigation was performed to see a possible influence of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anesthetized rats since the DRN had been known to exert a regulatory mechanism on sympathetic activity which was known to be very important for pancreatic exocrine secretion, particularly in rats. Twenty-nine Sprague-Dawley rats fasted for 24 hours were anesthetized by i.p. injection of 1 g/kg of urethane. The pancreatic duct was cannulated to collect pancreatic juice while bile juice was diverted into the jejunum. The duodenopyloric junction was tightly ligated. After surgery for collection of pancreatic exocrine secretion and recording of carotid blood pressure, a coaxial electrode was stereotaxically inserted in the DRN with a guide of a brain atlas. And then, electrical stimulus of biphasic square wave with 2 v, 2 msec, 40 Hz was applied on the electrode for 10 minutes. Pancreatic volume flow and protein output secreted in 10 min were measured. Either bilateral cervical vagotomy or spinal cord transection at the level of $C4{\sim}C5$ was performed 20 min prior to stimulation of the DRN. 1) Electrical stimulation of the DRN resulted in significant (p<0.05) increase in pancreatic volume flow and protein output. These stimulatory effects were not affected by cervical vagotomy but completely abolished by cervical cord transection. 2) Electrical stimulation of the DRN also resulted in significant (p<0.05) rise of blood pressure of the carotid artery. The hypertensive effect was not affected by cervical vagotomy but completely abolished by cervical cord transection. The results strongly suggest that the DRN, a part of the central serotonergic system, could exert a stimulatory influence on pancreatic exocrine secretion by increasing the sympathetic activity in anesthetized rats.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 D
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• pp.1980-1982
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• 1999

Conductive Langmuir-Blodgett(LB) films have recently attracted much interest from the viewpoint of ultrathin film conductors at the molecular level. The result shows that the Maxwell-displacement-current (MDC) measuring technique is useful in the detection of phase-transitions over the entire range of molecule areas. In this parer, electrical properties of PBDG Langmuir(L) films were investigated using a displacement current measuring technique with pressure stimulation. Displacement current was generated When the Spread volume $150{\mu}{\ell}$ and compression velocity was about 30, 40, 50 mm/min. In the result, it is known that current is generated of higher current peek as compression velocity become faster.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.393-401
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• 2020

Purpose: In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using blood flow-restricted exercise (BFRE) or KAATSU training. The KAATSU training method, which partially restricts arterial inflow and fully restricts venous outflow in the working musculature during exercise at reduced exercise intensities, has been proven to result in substantial increases in both muscle hypertrophy and strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper level of pressure for KAATSU training using compound muscle action potential (CMAP) analysis. Methods: Twenty-two healthy adults voluntarily participated in this study. CMAP was conducted by measuring the terminal latency and amplitude using a motor nerve conduction velocity test. For reference-line, supramaximal electrical stimulation was applied to the median nerves of the participants to obtain CMAP for the abductor pollicis brevis. For baseline, the intensity of the electrical stimulation was decreased to a level at which the CMAP amplitude was about a third of the CMAP amplitude obtained by the supramaximal electrical stimulation. The pressure levels for the KAATSU were set as a systolic blood pressure (strong pressure), the median values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (intermediate pressure), and diastolic blood pressure (weak pressure). In the KAATSU condition, CMAP was performed under the same conditions as baseline after low-intensity thumb abduction exercises were performed at the subjects' own pace for one minute. Results: As the pressure increased, the CMAP amplitude was significantly increased, signifying that more muscle fibers were recruited. Conclusion: This study found that KAATSU training recruited more muscle fibers than low-intensity exercise without the restriction of blood flow.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.359-362
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• 2013

Chronic hypoventilation due to injury to the brain stem respiratory center or high cervical cord (above the C3 level) can result in dependence to prolonged mechanical ventilation with tracheostomy, frequent nosocomial pneumonia, and prolonged hospitalization. Diaphragm pacing through electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve is an established treatment for central hypoventilation syndrome. We performed chronic phrenic nerve stimulation for diaphragm pacing with the spinal cord stimulator for pain control in a quadriplegic patient with central apnea due to complete spinal cord injury at the level of C2 from cervical epidural hematoma. After diaphragmatic pacing, the patient who was completely dependent on the mechanical ventilator could ambulate up to three hours every day without aid of mechanical ventilation during the 12 months of follow-up. Diaphragm pacing through unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation with spinal cord stimulator was feasible in an apneic patient with complete quadriplegia who was completely dependent on mechanical ventilation. Diaphragm pacing with the spinal cord stimulator is feasible and effective for the treatment of the central hypoventilation syndrome.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.742-746
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• 1995

The present study was aimed at investigating possible transmitter mechanisms in the endothelial cell layer in regulating the tone of the vascular smooth muscle. The thoracic aorta was isolated from the anesthetized male white rabbits and its helical strips were prepared. Electrical field stimulation was delivered to platinum wire electrodes positioned parallel to the vessel segment preconstricted with phenylephrine [3.5x10-6 mol/L at a distance of 1.5-2.0 mm. The electrical stimulation [70 V, 5 msec, 0.5-200 Hz caused either relaxation only [34% or a biphasic response [prolonged relaxation following a weak and transient contraction, 66% . The relaxation response was frequency- dependent, and at 200 Hz a complete relaxation was noted. Mechanical rubbing of the endothelial layer abolished or greatly attenuated the relaxation. The relaxation was also markedly attenuated in the presence of NG-nitro- L-arginine methyl ester [10-3mol/L or procaine hydrochloride [3.5x10-4mol/L . Tetrodotoxin,guanethidine, atropine or indomethacin failed to block or enhance the relaxation response to electrical field stimulation. It is concluded that the vascular endothelium in the aorta contains diffusible substances that regulates the function of the smooth muscle layer, in which relaxation is more prominent than contraction. Their release by the electrical stimualtion in vitro may not involve classic neuronal transmitter release mechanisms or metabolism of arachidonic acids by cyclooxygenase. The release of the relaxing agents may require an increase in cytosolic calcium level. The chemical nature of the relaxant may be, to a large extent, nitric oxide.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.359-364
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• 2010

The purpose of the brain-computer (machine) interface (BCI or BMI) is to provide a method for people with damaged sensory and motor functions to use their brain to control artificial devices and restore lost ability via the devices. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a method of applying low level electrical currents to the body to restore or to improve motor function. The purpose of this study was to develop a SSVEP-based BCI rehabilitation training system with FES for spinal cord injured individuals. Six electrodes were attached on the subjects' scalp ($PO_Z$, $PO_3$, $PO_4$, $O_z$, $O_1$ and $O_2$) according to the extended international 10-20 system, and reference electrodes placed at A1 and A2. EEG signals were recorded at the sampling rate of 256Hz with 10-bit resolution using a BIOPAC system. Fast Fourier transform(FFT) based spectrum estimation method was applied to control the rehabilitation system. FES control signals were digitized and transferred from PC to the microcontroller using Bluetooth communication. This study showed that a rehabilitation training system based on BCI technique could make successfully muscle movements, inducing electrical stimulation of forearm muscles in healthy volunteers.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different frequencies (4Hz and 100Hz) of transcutaneous electrical nerve simulation (TENS) on pain relief using c-fos expression in the spinal cord of rat osteoarthritis to investigate the appropriate frequency for pain relief. METHODS: Total of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats was used and randomly divided 2 groups according TENS frequency and applicate the TENS during 3 period (3 days, 7 days, 10 days). The induction of osteoarthritis by 3mg monosodium iodoacetat was injected into the right knee joint of rats. Three days later, commercially available TENS unit was used for stimulation was set to 20minutes on 3, 7, 10 days after surgery. Western blot analysis system was used to detect immunoreactive proteins. The thickness of the bands were photographically measured by Scion Image. RESULTS: When investigating the c-fos expression of TENS on spinal cord in OA knee over 10 days, between-groups differences in c-fos expression reached a significant level by day 10. For within-groups comparisons, the c-fos expression decreased significantly across days in low- and high-frequency TENS groups. CONCLUSION: Whether at low- and high-frequency, the TENS as a therapy obtained beneficial effects of pain relief and TNES at high-frequency is more beneficial effects on the pain relief when TENS applied at injury site.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.38-50
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the physical therapist's explanation of the treatment prior to electrical stimulation affects the subjects level of anxiety. Eighty healthy subjects participated in this study and were assigned either to the experimental group receiving information on the treatment ($n_1$=40) or to the control group not receiving information on the treatment ($n_2$=40). Transcutaneus Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), a sphygomamometer and the Spielberger State Anxiety Scale Questionnaire were used to investigate the threshold of anxiety. Analysis of data revealed significant differences in pulse and diastolic blood pressure compared to the control group when the subjects were stimulated electrically after receiving information on the treatment. We found significant differences between the two groups. The results of the study indicate that the patient's anxiety can be reduced by the physical therapist's explanation on the treatment.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.2365-2369
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• 2021

Background: Patients with dysphagia after stroke are treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), but its effect on masseter muscle thickness and bite force in the oral phase is not well known. Objectives: To investigated the effect of NMES on masseter muscle thickness and occlusal force in patients with dysphagia after stroke. Design: Two group, pre-post design. Methods: In this study, 25 patients with dysphagia after stroke were recruited and allocated to either the experimental or the control groups. Patients in the experimental group were treated with NMES to the masseter muscle at the motor level for 30 minutes and were additionally treated with traditional swallowing rehabilitation for 30 minutes. In contrast, patients in the control group were only treated with traditional swallowing rehabilitation for 30 minutes. Masseter muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography before and after intervention, and bite force was measured using an bite force meter. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement in masseter muscle thickness and bite force compared to the control group. Conclusion: NMES combined with traditional dysphagia rehabilitation is effective in improving masseter muscle thickness and bite force in patients with dysphagia after stroke.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.12-26
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• 2023

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze the acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) for tinnitus to identify the trend, effectiveness and mechanism. Methods : Research studies related to objectives were gathered through Pubmed, RISS, KISS, KCI, OASIS with keywords such as 'Tinnitus', 'Autonomic', 'ANS', 'HRV', 'acupuncture', 'transcutaneous' and analyzed. Results : 4 studies were included. Acupuncture was used in 1 study and TENS was used in 3 studies. Tinnitus handicap inventory(THI), fMRI and 'heart rate and blood pressure' were used in 1 study each and heart rate variability(HRV) was used in 3 studies as evaluation tools. Each treatment showed a significant effect. Conclusions : Our findings indicate that acupuncture and TENS could be a potential therapy for tinnitus, however additional well designed RCT are required to establish high level of evidence.