• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.481-490
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• 2013

In this paper, an investigation of weapon tracking performance is shown in regard to improving individual weapon performance of aiming objects. On the battlefield, a battle can last only a few hours, sometimes it can last several days until finished. In these long-lasting combats, a wide variety of factors will gradually lower the visual ability of soldiers. The experiments were focusing on enhancing the degraded aiming performance by applying visual tracking technology to roof mounted sights so as to track the movement of troops automatically. In order to select the optimal algorithm among the latest visual tracking techniques, performance of each algorithm was evaluated using the real combat images with characteristics of overlapping problems, camera's mobility, size changes, low contrast images, and illumination changes. The results show that VTD (Visual Tracking Decomposition)[2], IVT (Incremental learning for robust Visual Tracking)[7], and MIL (Multiple Instance Learning)[1] perform the best at accuracy, response speed, and total performance, respectively. The evaluation suggests that the roof mounted sights equipped with visual tracking technology are likely to improve the reduced aiming ability of forces.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6034-6039
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• 2012

In this paper, this may appear to exacerbate it met slopes of the mobile robot moves to overcome this by driving can occur if the mobile robot system has its own sleep problems driving progress in until you hit the target and solvedriving straight driving safer model for adaptive fuzzy control method of mobile robot based control algorithm is proposed. First, we propose a model based adaptive fuzzy controller, if possible, the dynamics model of the mobile robot, including model-based controller is designed to determine if you can check the condition of the mobile robot climbing and driving the mobile robot to overcome the slope and the to overcome driving control. Enough considering the ground friction forces and ensure the stability of the mobile robot system and the disturbance compensation, etc. In this case, the controller design will be possible. In addition, the nonlinear model, the dynamic characteristics of the mobile robot control method of adaptive fuzzy control techniques in the design that you want to fully reflect Non-holonomic system of mobile robots and solve sleep problems, and will be useful enough, it was verified through computer simulations.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2001

Soil physical-chemical properties and phosphorous adsorption characteristics were investigated to obtain the informations of the appropriate fertilization and soil management in Baicheng region, China, where agricultural circumstances at present forces to consider the use of land for crop production. Soils were collected from one uncultivated and three cultivated lands on August 1993. Soil $_PH$ was very higher in uncultivated land than in cultivated land, their values were 10.2 and 7.4, respectively. Regardless of cultivation, soil organic matter contents were below 2%, and concentrations of available soil phosphorus expressed as Bray 1 P and Olson P were less than 10 mg P $kg^{-1}$, however, cation exchange capacity was higher than 20 cmol(+) $kg^{-1}$. For uncultivated soil, the values of exchangeable sodium percent and calcium saturation percent were higher than 100%. The major cation of soil saturation paste extracts was Na regardless of land use type. Based on electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio of saturation paste extracts, uncultivated soil was classified as saline-sodic soil and cultivated soil was classified as sodic or normal soil. The maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus calculated by Langmuir isotherm ranged from 406 to 521 mg P ,$kg^{-1}$. The constraints of soils in Baicheng regions for agricultural cops werw high salt concentration, unfavorable soil chemical composition such as low concentration of available phosphorous, and poor drainage due to soil dispersion by high Na concentration. Therefore, the soil in Baicheng region, need the application of phosphorus fertilizer to increase the soil fertility and the proper soil management to improve the soil physical property especially permeability and soil structure.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 2000

This study measured the zeta potential of both latex colloidal particles with carboxylate surface groups and glass beads (collectors) with silanol surface group employing various solution with different chemical characteristics. The results have been compared with the surface chemistry theory. The zeta potential of the particle and collector increased with increasing pH up to 5.0 regardless of the solution chemistry. For a monovalent electrolyte solution(sodium chloride solution) the zeta potential steadily increased until the pH reached 9.5. In contrast, little change in zeta potential was made between 5.0 and 9.5 for a divalent electrolyte solution (sodium chloride solution) the zeta potential steadily increased until the pH reached 9.5. In contrast, little change in zeta potential was made between 5.0 and 9.5 for a divalent electrolyte solution (calcium chloride solution). In other words, the more the pH decreases, the larger the effect of neutral salts, such as NaCl and CaCl$_2$, have on the ζ-potential values. In this study, the PZPC(point of zero proton condition) of the particle and collector occurred below a pH of 3.1, H(sup)+ and OH(sup)- acted as a PDI (potential determining ion), and Na(sup)+ acted as an IDI(indifferent ion). The magnitude of the negative ζ-potential values of the particle and collector monotonically increased as the concentrations of Na(sup)+ or Ca(sup)2+([Na(sup)+] or [Ca(sup)2+]) decreased (the values of pNa or pCa increased). In the case of latex particles, the ζ-potential should aproach zero (isoelectric point; IEP) asymptotically as the pNa approaches zero, while in the case of calcium chloride electrolyte, ζ-potential reversal may be expected to occur around 3.16$\times$10(sup)-2MCaCl$_2$(pCa=1.5). pH, valance and ionic strength can be used in various ways to improve the water treatment efficiency by modifying the charge characteristics of the particle and collector. Predictive capability is far less certain when EDL(electrical double layer) repulsive forces exist between the particle and collector.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 1995

The density of ATP-sensitive potassium($K_{APT}$) channels, that open as intracellular ATP concentration falls below a critical level, is very high in skeletal muscle surface membrane and those high density may imply that $K_{ATP}$ channels have very important physiological roles. To elucidate a role of $K_{ATP}$ in relation to fatigue, the modulating effects of potassium channel openers and blockers on the fatigue velocity(FV) of mouse extensor hallucis longus muscle(EHL) were investigated in vitro. Twitch contraction was induced by an electrical field stimulation (EFS: 24-48V, 20ms, 0.2-4Hz) and resulting contraction force was isometrically recorded. The twitch forces were gradually decreased to 25% of initial contraction force(ICF) in $37.52{\pm}1.55sec$($mean{\pm}s.e.m.$, n=135), indicating the fatigue phenomena. The mean velocity for development of the fatigue was measured during the period that twitch force decreased to half($FV_{0/0.5}$) and during the period from half to 25%($FV_{0.5/0.25}$) of ICF. The fatigue was induced once every one hour and the tissue response was stable for up to 4 hours. In control condition, ICF was $5.8{\pm}0.12g$ (n=144) and decreased to 50% of ICF with the mean fatigue velocity of $0.182{\pm}0.006g/sec$($FV_{0/0.5}$, n=135) and from 50% to 25% of ICF with $0.084{\pm}0.004g/sec$($FV_{0.5/0.25}$, n=135). Cromakalim($50{\mu}M$) significantly increased $FV_{0.5/0.25}$(n=4). Glibenclamide($IC_{50}>50{\mu}M$), $Ba^{2+}$($IC_{50}=10{\mu}M$), 4-aminopyridine($FV_{0/0.5}$, $IC_{50}=0.5mM$; $FV_{0.5/0.25}$, $IC_{50}=2mM$) decreased both $FV_{0/0.5}$ and $FV_{0.5/0.25}$ concentration-dependently up to 75%. $TEA^+$(30mM), E-4031($10{\mu}M$), tolbutamide(1mM) decreased $FV_{0.5/0.25}$, but apamin(300nM) and $TEA^+$(10mM) showed no significant effects. Our results suggest that activation of the $K_{ATP}$ channels may be major cause of $K^+$ outflux during development of the fatigue and the isolated EHL muscle could be an useful experimental preparation in studying the fatigue phenomena in skeletal muscle. In addition, the possibility of activation of delayed rectifier during the fatigue development remains to be studied further.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2002

The physical and chemical properties of cover soils of 10 waste landfill sites in Kyonggi-Do area, where social circumstances at present forces to consider the reuse of landfill, were investigated to provide the informations of soil environment which are necessary to establish the appropriate ecological restoration plan of waste landfills. The pH and electrical conductivity of soils were higher in landfills sites than in reference sites (area around landfill sites), indicating the salt accumulation in surface soil. However, total-N and organic matter contents were lower in landfills sites than in reference sites. In landfill sites, the total-N and plant available-P contents were less than 0.15% and 20mg/kg, respectively. Exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg and Na) and heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) contents varied between the landfill sites, but were higher in landfills sites than in reference sites. The major exchangeable cation of soil was Ca. Heavy metal contents were much lower than the critical concentration which phytotoxicity is considered to be possible and the standard for agricultural land of Korean Soil Environmental Preservation Act. Therefore, the proper soil management plan to increase the soil fertility is recommended for the ecological restoration of landfill using natural or artificial vegetation.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated the effects of five EMS lumbar back pressure belts produced on an anatomical basis on lumbar spine stabilization. Five core muscles were selected, including the urinal, vertebral column, endotracheal, external abdominal, and large back muscles, and patterns were designed using a conductive fabric considering the appropriate muscle shape and pain-causing points. We experimented with four motions to examine the effects of different EMS abdominal compression belts on lumbar spine stabilization. Five healthy men in their 20s were selected. The selection conditions include no back pain history for the past three months, no restricted movements through pre-inspection, and the muscular strength of the body should belong to the normal grade. Using SLR, the sequence of experimental actions was chosen from the following but not limited to left-hand, body-hand, and back-line forces. Resting between movements lasted for 2 min, and the experiments were conducted after wearing the EMS abdominal pressure belt. Electrical stimulation was applied for 10 min to increase blood flow and muscle activation. The statistics of the experimental results were analyzed for specific differences by conducting the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests with nonparametric tests. The ranking results of each pattern were successfully assessed in the order of 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 for the five patterns, and we could identify slightly more significant results for experimental behavior associated with each muscle movement. Patterns produced based on anatomy showed differentiated effects when electric stimulation was applied to each muscle in different shapes, which could improve the stabilization of the lumbar spine in everyday life or training to the public. Based on these results, subsequent research would focus on developing smart healthcare clothing that is practical in daily life by employing different anatomical mechanisms, depending on the back pain, to utilize trunk-type tights.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.100-104
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• 2023

Van der Waals heterostructures have garnered significant attention in recent research due to their excellent electronic characteristics arising from the absence of dangling bonds and the exclusive reliance on Van der Waals forces for interlayer coupling. However, most studies have been confined to fundamental research employing the Scotch tape (mechanical exfoliation) method. We fabricated Van der Waals vertical heterojunction transistors to advance this field using materials exclusively grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVDgrown graphene was patterned through photolithography to serve as electrodes, while CVD-grown MoSe₂ was employed as the pickup/transfer material, resulting in the realization of Van der Waals heterojunction transistors with interlayer charge transfer effects. The electrical characteristics of the fabricated devices were thoroughly examined. Additionally, we observed variations in the transistor's performance based on the presence of defects in MoSe₂ layer.

• International Journal of Ocean System Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2012

A Macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials is commonly referred to as a "Composite Material", having been designed mechanically and chemically superior in function and characteristic than its individual constituent materials. Composite materials are used not only for aerospace and military, but also heavily used in boat/ship building and general composite industries which we are seeing increasingly more. Regardless of the various applications for composite materials, the industry is still limited and requires better fabrication technology and methodology in order to expand and grow. An example of this is that the majority of fabrication facilities nearby still use an antiquated wet lay-up process where fabrication still requires manual hand labor in a 3D environment impeding productivity of composite product design advancement. As an expert in the advanced composites field, I have developed fabrication skills with the use of machinery based on my past composite experience. In autumn 2011, the Korea government confirmed to fund my project. It is the development of a composite sanding machine. I began development of this semi-robotic prototype beginning in 2009. It has possibilities of replacing or augmenting the exhaustive and difficult jobs performed by human hands, such as sanding, grinding, blasting, and polishing in most often, very awkward conditions, and is also will boost productivity, improve surface quality, cut abrasive costs, eliminate vibration injuries, and protect workers from exposure to dust and airborne contamination. Ease of control and operation of the equipment in or outside of the sanding room is a key benefit to end-users. It will prove to be much more economical than normal robotics and minimize errors that commonly occur in factories. The key components and their technologies are a 360 degree rotational shoulder and a wrist that is controlled under PLC controller and joystick manual mode. Development on both of the key modules is complete and are now operational. The Korean government fund boosted my development and I expect to complete full scale development no later than 3rd quarter 2012. Even with the advantages of composite materials, there is still the need to repair or to maintain composite products with a higher level of technology. I have learned many composite repair skills on composite airframe since many composite fabrication skills including repair, requires training for non aerospace applications. The wind energy market is now requiring much larger blades in order to generate more electrical energy for wind farms. One single blade is commonly 50 meters or longer now. When a wind blade becomes damaged from external forces, on-site repair is required on the columns even under strong wind and freezing temperature conditions. In order to correctly obtain polymerization, the repair must be performed on the damaged area within a very limited time. The use of pre-impregnated glass fabric and heating silicone pad and a hot bonder acting precise heating control are surely required.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the state of the energy industry and to determine the efficiency of its functioning on the basis of energy conservation principle and application of innovative technologies aimed at improving the ecological modernisation of agricultural sectors of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach of financial and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project, based on calculation of elasticity, total costs and profitability, as well as on comparative, graphical and system analysis. The current stage is characterised by widely spread restructuring processes of electric power industry in many countries through introduction of new technical installations of energy facilities and increased government regulation in order to enhance the competitive advantage of electricity market. Electric power industry features a considerable value of creating areas. For example, by providing scientific and technical progress, it crucially affects not only the development but also the territorial organisation of productive forces, first of all the industry. In modern life, more than 90% of electricity and heat is obtained by Kazakhstan's economy by consuming non-renewable energy resources: different types of coal, oil shale, oil, natural gas and peat. Therefore, it is significant to ensure energy security, as the country faces a rapid fall back to mono-gas structure of fuel and energy balance. However, energy resources in Kazakhstan are spread very unevenly. Its main supplies are concentrated in northern and central parts of the republic, and the majority of consumers of electrical power live in the southern and western areas of the country. However, energy plays an important role in the economy of industrial production and to a large extent determines the level of competitive advantage, which is a promising condition for implementation of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. In these circumstances, issues of modernisation and reforms of this sector in Kazakhstan gain more and more importance, which can be seen in the example of economically sustainable solutions of a large local monopoly company, significant savings in capital investment and efficiency of implementation of an investment project. A major disadvantage of development of electricity distribution companies is the prevalence of very high moral and physical amortisation of equipment, reaching almost 70-80%, which significantly increases the operating costs. For example, while an investment of 12 billion tenge was planned in 2009 in this branch, in 2012 it is planned to invest more than 17 billion. Obviously, despite the absolute increase, the rate of investment is still quite low, as the total demand in this area is at least more than 250 billion tenge. In addition, industrial infrastructure, including the objects of Kazakhstan electric power industry, have a tangible adverse impact on the environment. Thus, since there is a large number of various power projects that are sources of electromagnetic radiation, the environment is deteriorated. Hence, there is a need to optimise the efficiency of the organisation and management of production activities of energy companies, to create and implement new technologies, to ensure safe production and provide solutions to various environmental aspects. These are key strategic factors to ensure success of the modern energy sector of Kazakhstan. The contribution of authors in developing the scope of this subject is explained by the fact that there was not enough research in the energy sector, especially in the view of ecological modernisation. This work differs from similar works in Kazakhstan in the way that the proposed method of investment project calculation takes into account the time factor, which compares the current and future value of profit from the implementation of innovative equipment that helps to bring it to actual practise. The feasibility of writing this article lies in the need of forming a public policy in the industrial sector, including optimising the structure of energy disbursing rate, which complies with the terms of future modernised development of the domestic energy sector.