• 임상간호연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an electric heating pad on abdominal pain and anxiety during the colonoscopy procedure. Method: Data were collected from 70 adult patients (experimental group (35), control group (35)) who underwent colonoscopy in a general hospital in Seoul, South Korea between January 6 and May 4 2006. For the experimental group the electric heating pad was applied from 20 minutes before the test through the whole procedure. Objective pain was measured during the test, and subjective pain, state anxiety, blood pressure and pulse rate were measured after the procedure. Results: The experimental group with the electric heating pad reported significantly lower subjective pain and anxiety than did the control group. There were no significant differences in objective pain between experimental and control groups. Patients with an electric heating pad showed significantly lower systolic and diastolic pressure than did those in the control group. There was no significant difference in pulse rate between the groups. Conclusion: Use of an electric heating pad was efficient in reducing subjective pain and anxiety among patients undergoing colonoscopy. This is a convenient and useful nursing intervention to reduce anxiety and pain among patients having a colonoscopy.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2010

본 논문은 카본열선을 사용하는 전기장판에서 발생한 전기화재에 관하여 기술하였다. 카본열선을 사용하는 전기장판은 카본 재질의 특성상 전기용접이나 납땜 등의 방법으로 접속이 불가능하며, 열선 끝단을 카본 재질의 연결부를 만들어 접속해야 한다. 이러한 과정에서 열선 사이의 불완전 접속이 발생되며, 불완전 접속부에는 접촉저항의 증가로 국부적인 발열이 발생되고, 최종적으로 화재사고로 진전된다. 본 논문에서는 카본 열선 접속부에서 불완전 접속이 형성되는 경우, 접속부에서 전기적 발열에 의해 발생되는 열선의 손상 형태를 분석하여 화재원인을 규명하였다. 이러한 분석 결과는 카본 열선을 사용하는 전기장판의 화재원인 조사의 기초 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2006

본 연구는 가정용 전열제품인 전기장판에 대한 화재실험과 난연성실험을 통하여 화재위험성을 분석하였다. 화재실험은 정상조건에서 정격전압을 인가하는 경우와 온도조절기 고장시 정격전압이 인가되는 경우를 모델링하였다. 난연성실험은 UL 94의 수직 연소시험방법을 이용하여 전기장판의 난연성능을 평가하였다. 실험에 사용된 전기장판의 종류는 전기매트, 전기요, 비닐장판이다. 실험결과 온도조절기가 고장난 상태에서 정격전압이 인가되는 경우 화재위험성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 전기장판의 재질은 난연성이 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2012

This paper describes electrical fire on electric pad caused by defect of hot wires. We analyzed two type electric pad using by carbon type hot wire and magnetic shielded type hot wire. First, a carbon type hot wires electric pad is virtually impossible to connect hot wire as a method of electrical welding or soldering. In order to connect between hot wires, that has to splice carbon type material connector. If junction of hot wires was occurrence of poor connection on electric pad, it increase contact resistance on this junction point. With increasing contact resistance, junction of hot wires on electric pad generates local heating and finally leads to electrical fire. An electric pad using by a magnetic shielded type hot wire happened local heating on signal wire for sensing temperature-rise caused by applying current for magnetic shielded. With increasing local heating of signal wire, insulated coating of hot wire was melted. Finally the magnetic shielded type hot wire electric pad lead to electrical fire with breakdown between signal wire and hot wire. In this paper, we analyzed shape of damage in hot wire caused by electrical local heating and investigated fire cause on electric pad due to defect of hot wires.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2019

In South Korea, millions of poultry have died due to repeated heat waves every year. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of heating and cooling loads of chicken houses in Korea and to present an effective insulation and ventilation measures to minimize the damage of poultry due to summer heat wave and to save energy in chicken houses in winter. The heating and cooling loads of standard chicken house were calculated. As a result of the calculation of maximum heating load based on the minimum ventilation rate in winter, the outdoor air temperature requiring heating was $6{\sim}7^{\circ}C$ to keep the indoor air temperature of chicken houses as $24^{\circ}C$. The peak cooling load of chicken houses was mostly taken by the heat generated by chickens and the heat gain due to ventilation. The heat gain through building envelopes was as small as neglectable. Most of chicken houses is usually cooled by gigantic forced ventilation in summer in Korea. When the chicken houses are cooled by electric cooling machine such as cooler or air conditioner, it is more effective to keep minimum ventilation rate to reduce the maximum cooling load. To lower the temperature of supplying water to cooling pad, it is recommended to use the underground water below 10 meters from the ground if there is abundant underground water.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2015

This study prepared fabric-heating elements of carbon nanofiber composite to characterize morphologies and electrical properties. Carbon nanofiber composite was prepared with 15wt% PVDF-HFP/acetone solution, and 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16wt% carbon nanofiber. Dispersion of solution was conducted with stirring for a week, sonification for 24 hours, and storage for a month, until coating. Carbon nanofiber composite coated fabrics were prepared by knife-edge coating on nylon fabrics with a thickness of 0.1mm. The morphologies of carbon nanofiber composite coated fabrics were measured by FE-SEM. Surface resistance was determined by KS K0555 and worksurface tester. A heating-pad clamping device connected to a variable AC/DC power supply was used for the electric heating characteristics of the samples and multi-layer fabrics. An infrared camera applied voltages to samples while maintaining a certain distance from fabric surfaces. The results of morphologies indicated that the CNF content increased specifically to the visibility and presence of carbon nanofiber. The surface resistance test results revealed that an increased CNF content improved the performance of coated fabrics. The results of electric heating properties, surface temperatures and current of 16wt% carbon nanofiber composite coated fabrics were $80^{\circ}C$ and 0.35A in the application of a 20V current. Carbon nanofiber composite coated fabrics have excellent electrical characteristics as fabric-heating elements.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.76-83
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• 1993

The changes in discharge current, emission and/or oscillation frequency of the electric oscillation of a glow discharge are the potential sensitive measure of the concentration of an impurity in the argon plasma supporting gas. A single jet enhanced glow discharge has been interfaced with the gas chromatograph via 1/8" O.D. tube with a heating pad to study the changes in discharge current. To investigate the optimum operating conditions of the glow discharge system as detector for gas chromatography, pressure, gas flow rate, discharge current, distance between the anode and the cathode have been studied.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.156-168
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• 2023

Objectives : This study aimed to determine the status of thermal stimulation devices approved in Korea for medical applications over the past 10 years, and based on this, to obtain insight for future thermal treatment in Korean medical institutions. Methods : We searched the item classification list entitled "Regulations on Medical Device Items and Rating by Item" from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Notice No. 2021-24, 2021 (Enforced March 19, 2021; www.mfds.go.kr) for individually licensed heaters using the terms "heat" and "heating". Results : We identified 17 items of thermal stimulation product group, of which 1,308 devices were licensed by February 4, 2022, and 53.2% of them (n=696) were devices with valid permits for distribution in Korea. Among the licensed devices, heating pad systems under/overlay (electric, home use) were approved the most, but combinational stimulator (for medical use, home use; Grade 2) accounted for the highest percentage among the current valid permission. Moxibustion apparatuses were licensed separately for electrical use and non-electrical use, and occupied a low percentage of the total devices. We analyzed 307 devices that were accompanied by technical documents and found that the heat sources were wires in 145 (47.2%), infrared rays in 44 (14.3%) and ultrasonic waves in 42 (13.7%) devices. Most (83.1%) devices were used for pain relief, while other applications included beauty, cancer treatment, maintenance of infant body temperature, and healing fractures. Conclusions : Thermal stimulation devices accounted for about 0.9% of all medical devices, and among them, combinational stimulators and heating pad systems under/overlay had the most valid permits. Thermal stimulation devices using heating wires and infrared rays were the most prevalent, and most were used to relieve pain. In order to develop a range of thermal stimulation devices that can be utilized in Korean medical institutions, it is imperative that they have potential applications beyond pain management, addressing various medical purposes. To achieve this, foundational research is necessary to effectively apply diverse heat sources based on medical objectives.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the International Welding/Joining Conference-Korea
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• pp.450-455
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• 2002

Cu-cored Sn-Ag solder balls were fabricated by coating pure Sn and Ag on Cu balls. The melting behavior and the solderability of the BGA joint with the Ni/Au coated Cu pad were investigated and were compared with those of the commercial Sn-Ag and Sn-Ag-Cu balls. DSC analyses clarified the melting of Cu-cored solders to start at a rather low temperature, the eutectic temperature of Sn-Ag-Cu. It was ascribed to the diffusion of Cu and Ag into Sn plating during the heating process. After reflow soldering the microstructures of the solder and of the interfacial layer between the solder and the Cu pad were analyzed with SEM and EPMA. By EDX analysis, formation of a eutectic microstructure composing of $\beta$-Sn, Ag$_3$Sn, ad Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{5}$ phases was confirmed in the solder, and the η'-(Au, Co, Cu, Ni)$_{6}$Sn$_{5}$ reaction layer was found to form at the interface between the solder and the Cu pad. By conducting shear tests, it was found that the BGA joint using Cu-cored solder ball could prevent the degradation of joint strength during aging at 423K because of the slower growth me of η'-(Au, Co, Cu, Ni)$_{6}$Sn$_{5}$ reaction layer formed at the solder, pad interface. Furthermore, Cu-cored multi-component Sn-Ag-Bi balls were fabricated by sequentially coating the binary Sn-Ag and Sn-Bi solders on Cu balls. The reflow property of these solder balls was investigated. Melting of these solder balls was clarified to start at the almost same temperature as that of Sn-2Ag-0.75Cu-3Bi solder. A microstructure composing of (Sn), Ag$_3$Sn, Bi and Cu$_{6}$Sn$_{5}$ phases was found to form in the solder ball, and a reaction layer containing primarily η'-(Au, Co, Cu, Ni)$_{6}$Sn$_{5}$ was found at the interface with Ni/Au coated Cu pad after reflow soldering. By conducting shear test, it was found that the BGA joints using this Cu-core solder balls hardly degraded their joint shear strength during aging at 423K due to the slower growth rate of the η'-(Au, Cu, Ni)$_{6}$Sn$_{5}$ reaction layer at the solder/pad interface.he solder/pad interface.

• 대한근전도전기진단의학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2018

Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome caused by injury to skeletal muscles and involves leakage of large quantities of potentially toxic intracellular contents into the plasma. It is known that rhabdomyolysis results in peripheral nerve injury, however, reports of bilateral sciatic neuropathy following rhabdomyolysis are rare. We report a case involving a 42-year-old female patient with no past medical history, who presented with sudden bilateral calf pain, redness, and burning sensation with weakness of both lower extremities after sleeping on an electric heating pad following alcohol drinking. Lower extremity magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed multifocal edema with enhancement of bilateral lower extremity muscles. Clinical and electrodiagnostic tests were consistent with the diagnosis of bilateral sciatic neuropathy following rhabdomyolysis. This is a rare case of bilateral sciatic neuropathy following rhabdomyolysis.