• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.128-132
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• 2015

Background: We described a surgical method for osteosynthesis and reported the resultant strength after application of a PHILOS plate through the anterolateral approach for the treatment of fractures of the distal humerus. Methods: Between February 2010 and March 2012, open reduction and internal fixation operations with the PHILOS plate for treatment of fracture of the distal humerus were performed on a total of nine patients (five men, four women). The mean age was 40.8 years (range, 24-50 years), and the average follow-up period was 9.1 months (range, 6-15 months). Clinical evaluations were performed 6 months after the operation. Clinical assessment included determination of the range of motion of the elbow, the Mayo and Oxford elbow scores, and any postoperative complications. Results: Fracture union was noted in all patients, with an average period of 12.4 weeks. The average Mayo elbow and Oxford elbow scores were 87.2 (of a total of 100) and 43.3 (of a total of 48), respectively. For the postoperative range of motion of the elbow, all patients showed complete recovery to the preoperative range of motion. No other conditions, such as neurolepsis, plate breakage, or rotational deformity, were observed. Conclusions: Open reduction and internal fixation of distal humerus fractures with a PHILOS plating system via anterolateral approach can be effective. A high rate of union with good outcomes can be assumed.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2015

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the range of shoulder motion using an indirect evaluation method without physical examinations of patients based on questionnaires regarding several specific arm postures referenced by patient's own body parts. Methods: Nine criteria of specific shoulder motion including 4 forward flexion, 2 external rotation, and 3 internal rotation were decided as reference position which can represent a certain shoulder motion. Flexion contains postures such as lifting arm to waist-height, shoulder-height, eye-height, and raising arm above head with arm touching ears. External rotation comprises grasping ears and placing hands on back of the head. Vertebral height in internal rotation is determined by calculating the samples' motions, which are holding on to trouser belts, opposite-elbow, and scapula. These postures are included in questionnaires for patients to evaluate the validity and effectiveness of this indirect method. Results: The range of flexion was $77^{\circ}$ ($60^{\circ}$ to $100^{\circ}$), $96^{\circ}$ ($87^{\circ}$ to $115^{\circ}$), $135^{\circ}$ ($115^{\circ}$ to $150^{\circ}$), and $167^{\circ}$ ($150^{\circ}$ to $175^{\circ}$) when arms go up to waist, shoulder, eye, and high vertically. Range of external rotation was $39.6^{\circ}$ ($30^{\circ}$ to $50^{\circ}$) when grasping ears and $69.2^{\circ}$ ($60^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$) with the hands on the back of the head. Range of internal rotation was L4 when placing trouser belts, T12 for holding opposite elbow, and T9 for reaching scapula. The mismatch rates of flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation were 11.6%, 9.6%, and 7.8%. Conclusions: The range of shoulder motion using this method is expected to be applied to an established shoulder scoring system which included shoulder motion evaluation item.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.293-298
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• 2010

Purpose: Since an injured elbow joint can disturb the activity of daily life by limiting motion, especially if the motion is restricted over 40 degree of flexion contracture and under 105 degree of further flexion, it is imperative to select the best method and the timing of treatment of the elbow stiffness. Therefore this review will discuss open surgical techniques for stiff elbows based on the literature. Materials and Methods: It is important to take sufficient clinical examination of the patient, including history taking. And, a surgeon should select appropriate procedure after accurately understanding about the status and cause of the stiff elbow with radiographic methods. Surgical methods include arthroscopic release open release, distraction arthroplasty, total elbow replacement and there are four approachs in the open release - anterior approach, medial "over the top" approach, limited lateral approach: column procedure, posterior extensile approach-. Results and Conclusion: Although at present the arthroscopic technique is emphasized for the treatment of elbow stiffness, a surgeon should know conventional open techniques.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2008

An optimization-based real-time joint angle extraction method of human elbow is proposed by processing the biomedical signal of surface EMG (electromyogram) measured at the center point of biceps brachii. The EMG signal is known as non-stationary (time-varying) signal, but we assume that it is quasi-stationary because a physical or physiological system has limitations in the rate at which it can change its characteristics. Based on the assumption, a pre-processing method to obtain pre-angle values from raw EMG signal is firstly suggested, and then an optimization method to minimize the error between the pre-angle and real joint angle is proposed in this paper. Finally, we suggest the experimental results showing the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 2017

Water supply and drainage noise in the bathroom is recognized as one of the main noises, along with the floor-impact sounds, in apartment housings. Recently, to solve such noise issues, a new construction method of installing the piping on the slab has been adopted. rather than the traditional method of penetrating the piping through the slab between the upper and the lower bathrooms. However, this new method has limitations due to high costs and constructional difficulties. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop noise reducing piping and elbows, where the noise can be reduced simply by replacing the existing pipings. The noise level was measured in a laboratory by installing the horizontal drainage piping (three types) and the elbows (three types) developed in this study. The results showed that the horizontal pipings reduced the noise level in LAmax by 0.3 dB(A)~1.0 dB(A), as compared to the existing pipings (VG2), indicating an insignificant noise reduction effect. The elbow reduced the noise level in LAmax by 5.5 dB(A) ~ 11.5 dB(A), as compared to the existing elbow (DRF elbow), with the result of reducing the noise level at all frequencies evenly. Consequently, it was shown that using the elbows is more effective in reducing the water-drainage noise from the toilet than using the horizontal pipings.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.67-75
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• 2006

Purpose: Many kinds of musculoskeletal disease and symptom are caused by the longtime computer works. However, trapezius muscle tonus has not been established in regarding to keyboard height during typing. Therefore, this study is to evaluate the relationship between trapezius muscle tonus and the height of keyboard while typing, controling for the postures of neck, Lumbar, cervical vertebra. Methods: The experimental height of keyboard was set at elbow height, 3cm higher, 6cm higher, 9cm higher, than elbow. We studied trapezius tonus with the mean value for 2 minutes by EMG in 15 males and 15 females worker of hospital in seoul, who did not have a history of muscle disease, neurological signs, nerve damage. Results: In this experimental, as the height of the keyboard went up, the trapezius tonus significantly increased with shoulder abduction of brachium. Second, right and left trapezius tonus appeared similar while typing. Third, the best height that release the trapezius tonus the was as high as elbow and 3cm higher than elbow. Conclusion: With these above results, we suggest that the appropriate height of keyboard during typing to release the trapezius tonus most is the height of the elbow and 3cm higher than elbow. The study has important implications for focusing on the height of VDT worktable and complaining of a pain by oneself which are useful to establish a method of prevention of musculoskeletal disorder in work in the future.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Objective: The incidence rate of elbow ulnar collateral ligament injuries is dependent on the throwing speed or pitching type, especially in adolescent baseball players. However, mixed results have been reported due to a lack of controlled biomechanical analysis. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical analysis of the elbow in relation to throwing speed and pitching type. Method: Four overhead type high-school baseball players were recruited for this study. The participants were asked to throw balls with different types of pitch and speed. While the throwing speeds were measured, each pitching moment of the elbow was recorded. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, mean comparison analysis, and Pearson's correlation analysis were performed in order to examine differences in peak varus and valgus moment during pitching motion in the elbow in all throwing speed and pitching types. Results: There was no significant difference in physical characteristics, throwing speed, and momentum variability among all players. The mean varus moments were 44.38±1.55 Nm, 48.83±1.66 Nm, and 48.94±0.95 Nm, and the moment gaps between varus and valgus were 7.36±3.25 Nm, 7.44±2.02 Nm, and 7.36±2.62 Nm in fastball, curveball, and slider ball, respectively. The varus moment was higher in the curved and slider balls than in the fastballs, and there was no significant differences between the varus moments regarding the pitching type. However, the increase in valgus moment and decrease in moment gap according to throwing speed was significantly increased in the slider ball (r=0.718 and -0.591, respectively). Conclusion: The possibility of elbow injury caused by the valgus moment or moment gapincreases more rapidly in slider balls as the speed increases. Based on our results, appropriate pitching guidelines should be suggested to prevent ulnarligament injuries, especially in adolescent baseball players.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.433-438
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose the robust features extraction method of human by using the skeleton model and hybrid silhouette model. The proposed feature extraction method is divided by hands, shoulder line and elbow region extraction. We use the peer's color information to find the position of hands and propose the circle detection method to extract the shoulder line and elbow. Finally, we show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method through some experiments.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1616-1629
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• 2023

To quantify the conservatism of existing ASME strain-based evaluation methods for seismic loading, this paper presents very low cycle fatigue test data of elbows under various cyclic loading conditions and comparison of evaluation results with experimental failure cycles. For strain-based evaluation methods, the method presented in ASME BPVC CC N-900 and Sec. VIII are used. Predicted failure cycles are compared with experimental failure cycle to quantify the conservatism of evaluation methods. All methods give very conservative failure cycles. The CC N-900 method is the most conservative and prediction results are only ~0.5% of experimental data. For Sec. VIII method, the use of the option using code tensile properties gives ~3% of experimental data, and the use of the material-specific reduction of area can reduce conservatism but still gives ~15% of experimental data.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.670-677
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• 2011

This study is to estimate the joint torques without torque sensor using the EMG (Electromyogram) signal of agonist/antagonist muscle with Neural Network Back Propagation Algorithm during the elbow motion. Command Signal can be guessed by EMG signal. But it cannot calculate the joint torque. There are many kinds of field utilizing Back Propagation Learning Method. It is generally used as a virtual sensor estimated physical information in the system functioning through the sensor. In this study applied the algorithm to obtain the virtual senor values estimated joint torque. During various elbow movement (Biceps isometric contraction, Biceps/Triceps Concentric Contraction (isotonic), Biceps/Triceps Concentric Contraction/Eccentric Contraction (isokinetic)), exact joint torque was measured by KINCOM equipment. It is input to the (BP)algorithm with EMG signal simultaneously and have trained in a variety of situations. As a result, Only using the EMG sensor, this study distinguished a variety of elbow motion and verified a virtual torque value which is approximately(about 90%) the same as joint torque measured by KINCOM equipment.