• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.298-310
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• 2007

This study compared the correlation between the accumulated copper content in earthworms and the copper concentration rate of soil measured using several methods to extract heavy metals from soil. For the experiment, a microcosm soil test was carried out using copper contaminated soil from the vicinity of copper-roofed buildings and earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Soils from the study area were used to produce 6 treatments; control, 1C (contamination level with the lowest treated copper concentration rate), 2C, 4C, 8C, and 16C (contamination level with the highest treated copper concentration rate). Microcosm soil test using the 6 treatments proved that as the copper content in soil and the experiment time increased, the growth rate of and the accumulated copper concentration rate in earthworms increased as well. The degree of the increase corresponded to the order of the treated copper concentration levels in microcosm soils. Standard method of the ministry of environment and EPA method 3051 were used to obtain the copper concentration in soil and the total copper content in soil, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9875~0.9993 between the copper content extracted by the standard method and the total copper content shows high positive correlation. The correlation coefficient of the copper content in soil extracted by the standard method and the accumulated copper content in earthworms, and the correlation coefficient of the total copper content in soil and the accumulated copper content in earthworms were ranged from 0.9193 to 0.9728 and from 0.9282 to 0.9844, respectively, showing highly significant positive correlation. Due to the high correlation between the copper concentration in soil and the accumulated copper content in earthworms, it is concluded that earthworms are suitable to be used as biological indicator species or for bio-monitoring against copper contamination of soil.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2012

Environment-friendly agro-materials are are likely to be preferred to chemical insecticides recently. For this reason, many studies are conducted to develop environment-friendly insecticides containing natural materials. This study was also conducted so as to assess ecotoxicity for Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) containing 30% of garlic extract or two plant essential oils (Zanthoxylum, Lemongrass) expected to prevent from pests and be used for agro-materials. Target species used to assess acute toxicity were invertebrate (Daphina magna), fish (Oryzias latipes), honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and earthworm (Eisenia fetida). The $EC_{50}$ values for of garlic extract 30% EC, Zanthoxylum oil 30% EC and lemongrass oil 30% EC to Daphina magna were 3.3, 10, and $10mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The category of garlic extract 30% EC was moderately toxic, while those of Zanthoxylum oil 30% EC and lemongrass oil 30% EC were slightly toxic according to standard of USEPA. $EC_{50}$ for both of Zanthoxylum oil 30% EC and lemongrass oil 30% EC were more than $10mg\;L^{-1}$ then they were considered as slightly toxicity. In case of acute toxicity test to fish, $LC_{50}$ of garlic extract 30% EC was $3.3mg\;L^{-1}$. Zanthoxylum oil 30% EC and lemongrass oil 30% EC indicated $LC_{50}$ > $10mg\;L^{-1}$. Classification of acute toxicity to all test substances was in Korea criteria. Acute contact and oral toxicity test to Honeybee were conducted. As a result, $LD_{50}$ of all test substances were more than 100 a.i. ${\mu}g\;bee^{-1}$ in the acute contact test while $LD_{50}$ of garlic extract 30% EC was 4.4 a.i. ${\mu}g\;bee^{-1}$ and $LD_{50}$ of Zanthoxylum oil 30% EC and lemongrass oil 30% EC were more than 100 a.i. ${\mu}g\;bee^{-1}$. In case of acute toxicity test to earthworm, $LC_{50}$ of garlic extract 30% EC, Zanthoxylum oil 30% EC and lemongrass oil 30% EC were 267, 592, and $430mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. In conclusion, if the safety for earthworm is confirmed, these substances are expected to be use for environment-friendly insecticide materials with low risk against ecosystem and contribute to developing environment-friendly agro-materials.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.42-62
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• 2003

Subjects : We tried to analysis dermatosurgical prescriptions including 477 WonBang(元方) prescriptions for SangJungHaTong(上中下統) introduced by HwangDoYeon(黃道淵). Methods : Prescriptions in BangYakHapPyun(方藥合編) is generally categorized into SangTong(上統), JungTong(中統), HaTong(下統) which are called PoJe(補劑), HwaJe(和劑), KongJe(功劑) respectively. This study classified and analyzed major diseases and symptoms appeared in dermatosurgical prescription and composition of medicine, as well as in BangYakHapPyun(方藥合編). Results and conclusions : The results of examining dermatosurgical prescriptions in WonBang(元方) of SangJungHaTong(上中下統) in BangYakHapPyun(方藥合編) are as follows; 1. The proportion of dematosurgical prescriptions was SangTong(上統) $\frac{10}{126}$(7.9$\%$). JungTong(中統) $\frac{22}{181}$(12.1$\%$), and HaTong(下統) $\frac{16}{163}$(9.8$\%$), which means that JungTong(中統)(HwaJe 和劑) takes up relatively the largest portion. 2. As for SangTong(上統), upper level herbs used in medicine are Glycyrrhiza uralensis(甘草), Paeonia japonica(白芍藥), Angelica gigas(當歸). Astragalus membranaceus(황기). Ginseng(人蔘), Poria cocos(복령), Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma(白朮). Cinnamon(肉桂), Rehmaniniae radix preparat(熱地黃). And these herbs are the components of Sipjundaebo-tang(十全大補湯), one of the most well-known medicine for weak energy and blood(補氣血). 3. As for JungTong(中統), in addition to medicine for weak energy and blood. Ledebouriella seseloides(防風) that removes ill elements on skin surface and Pung(風) called "wind". Limonium tetragonum(桔梗) that eliminates discharges and sputum, Angelica dahurica(白芷) that removes discharge and suppress tumor are applied. Other herbs are Ostericum koreanum(羌活). Skullcap(황령),Schizonepeta tenuifolia(荊芥), Aurantii fructus(地殼), Cimicifuga heracleifolia(升麻), Bupleurum falcatum(柴胡), Lonicerae flos(金銀花). These herbs are more effective for wind-calming treatment. cooling down fever, clearing skin irritation, detoxication. removal of tumor and discharge than replenishing energy and blood. 4. As for HaTong(下統), Angelica gigas(當歸) and Ledebouriella seseloides(防風), the two major herbs for SangTong(上統) and JungTong(中統), are mostly used. In addition, Skullcap(黃芩), Gardenia jasminoides(梔子), Eisenia bicyclis(大黃) are other major components and their key efficacy is to lower fever and KongHa(功下). 5. Herbs applied for SangTong(上統), JungTong(中統), and HaTong(下統) in large quantity are Glycyrrhiza uralensis(甘草) that harmoniously combine different herbal elements and Poria cocos(복령) that discharges humidity and watery elements out of body, removes humid and hot elements, and strengthen gastrointestinal system. Based on this, it is inferred that prescriptions for this study focus largely on treatment of humid and hot elements. In the composition of this prescription, Angelica gigas(當歸), Paeonia japonica(白芍藥), and Cnidium officinale(川芎) are taking up relatively large proportion, which are basic herbs for Samul-tang(四物湯). Therefore, it is incurred here that the concept of "replenishing blood" bears importance in dermatosurgical treatment. 6. As for herb medicines used for more than two types of prescriptions of SangTong(上統), JungTong(中統), and HaTong(下統), most of them are simultaneously used for SangTong(上統) and JungTong(中統), or for JungTong(中統), and HaTong(下統) except for Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma(白朮) and Gleditsia sinensis(조각자). This finding implies that prescription or treatment that are simultaneously applied are replenishing and harmonizing, or harmonizing and attacking while replenishing and attacking never go together.