• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.486-494
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• 2003

Distribution of ichthyoplanktons and its relation to environmental factors (temperature, salinity, $chlorophyll\;\alpha$) around the Youngsan River Estuary of Mokpo, southwest coast of Korea were investigated based on the samples collected bimonthly from February to December, 2001. Unidentified fish eggs were most abundant $1,345\;eggs/100m^3$ in August, while eggs of Engraulis japonicus were most abundant $63\;eggs/100m^3$ in June. A total of forty species of fish larvae and juveniles belonging to the twenty families under six orders were caught, with six gobiids, four icefishes, four croakers and three herrings being represented. Fish larvae and juveniles peaked $17,757\;inds./100m^3$ in August, which consisted of $91.02\%$ of gobiids, $3.69\%$ of gunnels and $3.67\%$ of icefishes, and they were most abundant $7,467\;Inds./100m^3$ at St. 7. Cluster analysis based on the individuals of fish larvae and juveniles showed that six months were classified into two groups at the dissimilarity 70, the first was composed of June and August and the second was February and December and April and October were not clustered with any other months. In August when species diversity index was the highest, eight stations were classified into two groups at the dissimilarity 70, the first was composed of St. 1, 3, 4, 5 and 8 and the second was St. 6, 7 and 2. As a result from correspondence analysis, there is no effect of the environmental factors with a density of fish eggs and larvae, but correlation could be found between a density of fish eggs and $chlorophyll\;\alpha.$

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

Objectives : To investigate the increasing effect of veterinary acupuncture (VA) on the eggs-laying rate, we carried out the experiment in old hens. Methods : Twenty four old hens (ISA Brown; 1,200 - 1,400 g) over 75 weeks old whose eggs-laying rates were under the 50% for recent 15 days were used. In experimental group, VA treatments were performed seven times during 10 days. Unang point at the end of bilateral wing and Migun point at the tail bone were stimulated about 30 seconds by the stainless steel needle (0.3 mm o.d.). In control group, similar manual stress were performed at same frequency. The numbers of laid eggs were observed for 26 days after the beginning of treatment. Bloods were sampled two times from wing veins during and after the treatment period and serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and Estradiol were detected. Results : Eggs-laying rates of experimental group $(34.29{\pm}2.79%)$ were significantly increased than that of control group $(27.56{\pm}2.00%,\;p<0.05)$ with the significant increasing of LH serum concentration in experimental group $(from\;0.77{\pm}0.13\;IU/I\;to\; 1.42{\pm}0.22\;IU/I,\;p<0.05)$. Conclusions : Increasing effect of VA treatment on the eggs-laying rate in old hens were proved in this study, and it may be the first prompt on the experimental investigation and development of VA.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 1990

By nuclear transplantation technology twenty eight mice have been produced after transfer of heterozygous biparental eggs. Also heterozygous gynogenetic eggs with two female pronuclei and heterozygous androgenetic eggs with two male pronuclei have been obtained by injecting a male or female pronucleus with Sendai virus into the perivitelline space of enucleated haploid zygotes at pronuclear stage. The success rate of enucleation, karyoplast injection and fusion of both the pronuclei was 80.3, 83.4 and 81.8%, respectively. The overall pronuclei fusion rates by this technique were 56, 50 and 56% in biparental, gynogenetic and androgenetic eggs, respectively. The evidence was ascertained that the gynogenetic and androgenetic eggs were also able to develop in vitro up to blastocyst stage, even though their developmental potential was greatly diminished beyond 2-cell stage. The gynogenetic eggs were able to develop in vivo up to day 10 of pregnancy, while the androgenetic eggs failed to develop in vivo during the same period.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2003

A total of 112 male and 1208 female Ross broiler breeders (30-wk-old) were used in this study to investigate whether a male to female (M/F) ratio of broiler breeder chickens may influence fertility and hatchability of hatching eggs. There were three treatments, each consisting of four pens with a size of 3.2 m ${\times}$ 6.4 m. Each pen housed approx. 100 females and 10 males to give the M/F ratio as follows: T1, 1/9; T2, 1/11; and T3, 1/13, respectively. The fertility of broiler breeder eggs ranged between 93 to 94％ at 30 wk of age. At 35 wk of age, breeder eggs from T3 tended to be less fertile (P>0.05) than those from T1 and T2. The low fertility observed in T3 at 35 wk of age further reduced to reach a statistical significance at 46 wk of age (P<0.05) when compared to those of T1 and T2. Hatchability of breeder eggs among treatments tended to follow a similar trend as shown in fertility, keeping hatchability of breeder eggs from T3 low when compared to the groups of T1 and T2. Our results indicated that the M/F ratio influenced fertility and consequently hatchability of breeder eggs. Furthermore, our study suggests that either 1/9 or 1/11 M/F ratio, but not 1/13 M/F ratio, seems suitable to sustain reproductive performance of broiler breeders throughout the laying periods.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.236-246
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed meal (PSM) on laying hens' performance, quality, fatty acids, cholesterol, antioxidant compounds and shelf life of eggs. Methods: Eighty Tetra SL laying hens, 50-week-old, were randomly divided into two equal groups, having 10 replicates with 4 birds in each. The control (CON) treatment was fed with basal diet, while experimental treatment was fed a diet with 9% PSM, for a 6 week period. Results: Dietary PSM significantly decreased average daily feed intake (p<0.05), with no significant effect on other performance parameters. The PSM, enriched the eggs with polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially α linolenic acid (0.33 vs 0.21 g/100 g) and linoleic acid (20.65 vs 18.37 g/100 g), whereas it reduced the amount of arachidonic acid with 3.91% and n-6/n-3 ratio in PSM eggs compared with CON. The inclusion of 9% PSM significantly (p<0.05) diminished the cholesterol concentration in yolk with 11.31% and in egg with 10.38%, in respect to the CON samples. The significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of polyphenols and antioxidant compounds, determined in PSM eggs, proved to be effective on shelf life of eggs preserved at refrigerator (5℃) and room temperature (21℃) for 28 days, by delaying the lipid oxidation and protein denaturation. This effect was reflected in significantly (p<0.05) higher Haugh unit in eggs stored 28 days at 21℃ and lower albumen pH values for the overall storage time, both at 5℃ and 21℃, proving the antioxidant effect of pumpkin. Conclusion: Dietary PSM supplementation was significantly effective on average daily feed intake and egg quality by increasing some fatty acids while lowering the cholesterol concentration. Also, PSM proved to be effective improving shelf life of eggs for 28 days storage time.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.318-335
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• 2023

It is important to understand the biological aspects of fish for fishing management. This study was conducted from February through October 2021. A total of 1,629 fishes were collected using different fishing gears. The length-weight relationship is a power curve for all fishes and showed a significant (r² > 0.8). All fishes revealed a negative allometric growth pattern except Labeobarbus intermedius. Oreochromis niloticus (1.714 ± 0.009) was found in better condition than other fish species (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p < 0.05). The length at maturity was 24.0 cm and 25.4 cm total length (TL), 28.9 cm and 28.2 cm fork length, and 53.2 cm and 57.5 cm TL for females and males of O. niloticus, L. intermedius and Clarias gariepinus, respectively. Fecundity was ranged between 100-947 eggs/g with absolute fecundity (AF) of 468-3,832 eggs, 200-1,000 eggs/g with AF of 2,752-136,420 eggs, and 505-900 eggs/g with AF of 2,000-6,404 eggs for O. niloticus, C. gariepinus, and L. intermedius, respectively. Their respective mean fecundity was 1,490 ± 91, 23,330 ± 5,070, and 3,096 ± 273 eggs, respectively. Mean fecundity revealed a significant variation between size classes and species (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The fecundity length and fecundity-body weight relationships except (O. niloticus) of fishes were curvilinear while the gonad weight (GW)-fecundity relationship was linear for all fish species. The fecundity was moderately associated with increasing length than body weight, and GW for all fishes (r² > 0.6). In conclusion, a tangible management setup is required to sustain the use of fish in the reservoir.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.1024-1039
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• 2023

In this study, we performed a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Salmonella through intake of egg consumption after cooking (dry-heat, moist-heat, and raw consumption). Egg samples (n = 201) from retail markets were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella. In addition, temperature and time were investigated during egg transit, storage, and display. A predictive model was developed to characterize the kinetic behavior of Salmonella in eggs, and data on egg consumption and frequency were collected. Eventually, the data was simulated to estimate egg-related foodborne illnesses. Salmonella was not found in any of the 201 egg samples. Thus, the estimated initial contamination level was -4.0 Log CFU/g. With R² values of 0.898 and 0.922, the constructed predictive models were adequate for describing the fate of Salmonella in eggs throughout distribution and storage. Eggs were consumed raw (1.5%, 39.2 g), dry-heated (57.5%, 43.0 g), and moist-heated (41%, 36.1 g). The probability of foodborne Salmonella illness from the consumption of cooked eggs was evaluated to be 6.8×10^-10. Additionally, the probability of foodborne illness not applied cooking methods was 1.9×10^-7, indicating that Salmonella can be reduced by cooking. Therefore, the risk of Salmonella infection through consumption of eggs after cooking might be low in S. Korea.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.314-329
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• 2024

Fifteen cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) containing proline, one cyclo(Phe-Ala) without proline, and a non-peptidyl ᴅⳑ-3-phenyllactic acid were previously identified in the culture filtrates of Lactobacillus plantarum LBP-K10, an isolate from kimchi. In this study, we used Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs to examine the effects of probiotic supplementation on the antimicrobial CDPs extracted from quail eggs (QE). Eggshell-free QE were obtained from two distinct groups of quails. The first group (K10N) comprised eggs from unsupplemented quails. The second group (K10S) comprised eggs from quails supplemented with Lb. plantarum LBP-K10. The QE samples were extracted using methylene chloride through a liquid-liquid extraction process. The resulting extract was fractionated into 16 parts using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Two fractions, Q6 and Q9, were isolated from K10S and identified as cis-cyclo(ⳑ-Ser-ⳑ-Pro) and cis-cyclo(ⳑ-Leu-ⳑ-Pro). The Q9 fraction, containing cis-cyclo(ⳑ-Leu-ⳑ-Pro), has shown significant inhibitory properties against the proliferation of highly pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as human-specific and phytopathogenic fungi. Some of the ten combinations between the remaining fourteen unidentified fractions and two fractions, Q6 and Q9, containing cis-cyclo(ⳑ-Ser-ⳑ-Pro) and cis-cyclo(ⳑ-Leu-ⳑ-Pro) respectively, demonstrated a significant increase in activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria only when combined with Q9. The activity was 7.17 times higher compared to a single cis-cyclo(ⳑ-Leu-ⳑ-Pro). This study presents new findings on the efficacy of proline-containing CDPs in avian eggs. These CDPs provide antimicrobial properties when specific probiotics are supplemented.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 1984

In order to provide some clues for differential diagnosis of trematode infections in fecal examination, the comparative morphology of eggs of 5 kinds of heterophyid flukes (Metagonimus yokogawai, Heterophyes heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Stellantchasmus falcatus and Pygidiopsis summa) and Clonorchis sinensis was studied. The eggs were obtained from distal portion of uteri of worms which were recovered from men after treatment. The characteristic shape and appearance of each kind of eggs were observed in detail under light microscope, and their length and width measured and compared one another. The results are as follows: 1. Eggs of C. sinensis are elongated ovoidal in shape with attenuated anterior end, 25.3~33. 2 (28. 3 in average) ${\mu}m$ long and 14.2~17.4(5.9) ${\mu}m$ wide with length/width ratio of 1.60~2.00 (1.78). They differ from all heterophyid eggs in that they have prominent wrinkling (muskmelon pattern) at their shell surface. 2. P. summa eggs are ovoid to pyriform in shape and characterized by the smallest size of all kinds examined, 19.8~22.9 (21.6) ${\mu}m$ long and 11.1~13.4 (12.1) ${\mu}m$ wide and the ratio 1.63~1.99 (1.78). 3. Eggs of S. falcatus are elongated ovoidal and most slender form, 25.3~29.2 (27.2) ${\mu}m$ long and 11.1~13.4 (12.5) ${\mu}m$ wide with the ratio of 2.00~2.57 (2.17). 4. Eggs of M. yokogawai are ellipsoid to elliptical in shape with round both ends, 26.9~31.6 (28.5) ${\mu}m$ long and 14.2~18.2 (16.8)${\mu}m$ wide with the ratio of 1.48~2.11 (1.70). 5. H. continua eggs are oval in shape, sometimes similar to M. yokogawai or H. h. nocen$ eggs, however, the relative breadth is broadest among all kinds, with maximum width at posterior half portion. They are 23.7~27.7 (25.0) ${\mu}m$ long, 15.8~18.9 (16.4) ${\mu}m$ wide with the ratio of 1. 33~1.75 (1.53). 6. Eggs of H. h. nocens are ellipsoid to ovoid in shape but sometimes more slender than M. yokogawai and have slightly pointed both ends. They are 23.7~29.2 (25.7) p.m long, 14.2~15.8 (15.4) ${\mu}m$ wide, and the ratio 1.50~2.06 (1.67). From the results, it is concluded that eggs, of 5 kinds of heterophyids and C. sinensis can be morphologically differentiated one another, however, careful observation and measurement on sufficient number of eggs are needed.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 1993

The spawning and growth of eightspine stickleback,Pungitius sinensis kaiborae (Tanaka, 19151, were investigated in the Chavang Stream from March 1990 to february 1991 as a part of study on its life history. Nest building, spavming and parental behaviors were similar to those known on the sticklebacks of Europe, North America and Japan. Bht f sinensis kaibarae in the Chayang Stream, peculiarly, showed only superficial gluing behavior in nest building phase and made two nurseries iust behind the nest in Parental Phase. The individuals with fully mature eggs were found from late February to late June. The fecundity of an adult female was about 21 to 110 (mean 47.07) eggs and the diameter of kllv matured ovarian eggs ranged 1.3 to 1.5 mm. The smallest female with fully mature eggs was 25.8 mm in body length and had 21 eggs. The relationship between the number of mature eggs in ovary and body length was No. of eggs = 2.857BL -55.134 (r = 0.890). The number of deposited eggs in a nest was 27 to 637 and thew were composed of several clusters of various developmental stages. The distribution pattern of gonadsomatic index (GSl) against the body length shown that in females 1+ year-old fishes mainly participate in spawning but in males 11 and 2+ year-old fishes equally participate. From the fluctuat지n pattern of GSI and the number of mature eggs in ovary, it was assumed that the spawning season was from February to June and the peak of spawning was early March to late April. The newly hatched vouns was found at late April and their body length was about 10 mm. The vouns (O+) grew rapidly until late August. Then their srowth was slowed down and finallY ceased in midautumn. The young reached about 35 mm BL in their first year of life. The halting of growth was lasted to next Sune when the spawning season would be nearly closed. They (1+) began to grow asain from late june, grew rapidly until tate september and reached about 415 mm BL. Then there was no more grouvth until to die as 2+ yearold fish. Therefore it was assumed that the life span of P. sinensis kaibarae in the Chavang Stream would be about ko years. The relationship between the body length and the body weight was logBW = 2.9541ogBL -4.802 (r = 0.998).