• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.371-373
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• 2004

A total of sixty 67 week-old Manina White strain laying hens were individually housed in cages to investigate feed consumption pattern during the day in relation to time of oviposition. Hourly feed intake and time of oviposition were recorded for each bird for seven days. Mean hourly feed intake of all hens showed a smaller peak at 10:00-12:00 and a larger peak at 17:00-19:00. There were no significant differences in amount of daily feed consumption and hourly eating pattern between egg-laying days and non-laying days. However, hens consumed about 10 g more feed (p<0.01) on egg-forming days (the day before oviposition) than on non-eggforming days. Hourly feed intake decreased prior to oviposition, but increased immediately during the time of oviposition. The peak consumption during the evening hours (17:00-19:00) was consistent regardless of the time of oviposition.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2009

The egg shell of the tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta is formed from the substances secreted by the follicular epithelium during the late vitellogenic stage. TEM study reveals the inner travecular and outer lamellar layer of chorion. The travecular layer is composed of the innermost wax layer, inner and outer chorionic layer. The inner and outer chorionic layers are connected to each other by vertical pillers forming of cavities. The lamellar layer is perforated by the aeropyles. SEM study reveals the differentiation of an anterior surface of the egg shell into four zones-micropylar, edge, aeropyles crown and disc zone. In the mycosis infected eggs the aeropyles and egg-shell surface are fully packed with the hyphae of the fungus, Aspergillus sydowi blocking of plastron respiration and causing the death of developing embryo so that mycosis infected eggs become sterile.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2001

This study investigated the quality characteristics of sponge cakes with addition of yam (Dioscorea) powders prepared by different drying methods, hot air (HDYP : hot air dried yam powder) and freeze drying (FDYP: freeze dried yam powder), using several physical and sensory examinations. For the foam forming ability and foam stability, the specific gravities of egg foams containing 5% yam powders were measured by drainage using funnels for 78 hrs. The results showed that HDYP and FDYP did not affect the foam forming ability but FDYP increased foam stability due to increased viscosity. When the strength of 8% gels composed of wheat starch and HDYP/FDYP was measured to predict the setting of cake structure, the strengths of starch gels containing yam powders were higher than those of control without yam powders. The volume of sponge cake containing 5% HDYP increased whereas those containing FDYP decreased at the levels of 5, 7%. From the texture profile analysis data, hardness, gumminess and chewiness of cakes containing yam powders increased. The color of cake crust and crumb became darker as the amount of yam powders increased. The results of sensory evaluation by QDA (quantitative descriptive analysis) to compare two different drying methods showed that appearance and texture of cakes containing 5% HDYP were closer to those of control than cakes containing 5% FDYP but overall acceptability of sponge cakes containing yams were comparable to the control cakes regardless of drying methods. The addition of yam powders to sponge cakes increased yam flavor and decreased egg smell. Therefore, it can be suggested that HDYP and FDYP can be added to the sponge cake formula up to 7% and 5%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2004

It has been recognized that the hen, like its mammalian counterparts, provides young chicks with antibodies as protection against hostile invaders. This system facilitates the transfer of specific antibodies from serum to egg yolk, and provides a supply of antibodies called immunoglobulin Y(IgY) to the developing embryo and the hatched chick. The protection against pathogens that the relatively immune-incompetent newly hatched chick has, is through transmission of antibodies from the mother via the egg. Egg yolk, therefore, can be loaded with a large amount of IgY against pathogens which can immobilize the existing or invading pathogens during the embryo development or in day-old chicks. Thus, the immunization of laying hens to various pathogens results in production of different antigen-specific IgY in eggs. Egg yolk contains 8∼20 mg of jmmunoglobulins (IgY) per ml or 136∼340 mg per yolk suggesting that more than 30 g of IgY can be obtained from one immunized hen in a year. By immunizing laying hens with antigens and collecting IgY from egg yolk, low cost antibodies at less than $10 per g compared to more than $20,000 per g of mammalian IgG can be obtained. This IgY technology opens new potential market applications in medicine, public health, veterinary medicine and food safety. A broader use of IgY technology could be applied as biological or diagnostic tool, nutraceutical or functional food development, oral-supplementation for prophylaxis, and as pathogen-specific antimicrobial agents for infectious disease control. This paper has emphasized that when IgY-loaded chicken eggs are produced and consumed, the specific antibody binds, immobilizes and consequently reduces or inhibits the growth or colony forming abilities of microbial pathogens. This concept could serve as an alternative agent to replace the use of antibiotics, since today, more and more antibiotics are less effective in the treatment of infections, due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1994

In order to get information for the improvement of feeding systems of egg-type layers, a dietary self-selection study was conducted. Corn diet, soybean meal diet, wheat bran diet, soybean meal+fish meal diet, and limestone diet were individually prepared for self-selection regime. Forty brown layers were offered either a control laying diet (C) or one of the 3 self-selection regime consisted of corn-soybean meal-limestone diet ($T_1$), corn-soybean meal-wheat bran-limestone diet ($T_2$) and corn-soybean meal+fish meal-wheat bran-limestone diet ($T_3$) for one wk each at 31 wk and 41 wk of age. In all dietary treatments, most of the eggs were laid from 0700 h 1300 h and hens consumed more feed, energy and protein on egg forming days than on non-forming days. On egg forming days, hens fed self-selection regime consumed less energy and protein than those fed control diet. On egg forming days, the consumption of feed, energy and protein increased continuously from 1000 h 2200 h in the control diet group but they decreased during the last 3 hours from 1900 h to 2200 h in self-selection regime groups. Up to 1600 h, calcium intake of the self-selection regime groups were much less than that of the control group but after that time, they increased markedly and were much more than that of the control group. The results of the study suggest that the practical self-selection regime for layers should be developed to meet the daily cyclic requirement for nutrients without consuming an excess energy and protein at certain times of the day.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.1 s.138
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• pp.61-65
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• 2005

Egg-forming and preservation methods for the indoor-rearing system of the emma field cricket, Teleogryllus emma, were investigated. The oviposition preference experiment on different mats, soil(natural oviposition mat) and $oasis^{\circledR}$(artificial oviposition mat), showed that T. emma preferred to oviposit on the $oasis^{\circledR}$. On the other hand, $oasis^{\circledR}$ had more inactive number of eggs laid per female and hatchability than another. However, the number of eggs laid per female and hatchability within 50 days after emergence were better than soil. The experiment on the hatching of the eggs showed that eggs could be stocked at $10^{\circ}C$ for 40 days with 14 day pre-period after laying, representing $62.1\%$ hatchability, when considering generation shortening. On the other hand, When it had been kept in cold storage for 90 days at $7.5^{\circ}C$ with 14 day pre-period after laying it, appeared to be the most suitable for long period-storage method by hatchability $65.1\%$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.831-837
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• 2013

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Rhodobacter capsulatus KCTC-2583 on egg-yolk and serum cholesterol, egg production and quality parameters during the late laying periods in hens. A total of 160 Hy-Line Brown layers (54 wk-old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatment groups on the basis of laying performance. Each treatment had 4 replicates with 10 birds each (40 birds per treatment). Two hens were confined individually with cage size $35{\times}35{\times}40$ cm and each 10 birds (5 cages) shared a common feed trough between them forming one experimental unit. Dietary treatments were; basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% R. capsulatus KCTC-2583. Experimental diets were fed in meal form for 56 d. Dietary supplementation of increasing levels of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583 reduced (linear, p<0.05) egg-yolk cholesterol and triglycerides (d 28, 42 and 56) concentrations. Also, serum cholesterol and triglycerides (d 21, 42 and 56) concentrations were linearly reduced (p<0.05) with increasing dietary R. capsulatus KCTC-2583. Laying hens fed a diet supplemented with increasing levels of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583 had increased (linear; p<0.05) overall egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed efficiency. However, dietary treatments had no effect (linear or quadratic; p>0.05) on feed intake of laying hens. At d 28 and 56, breaking strength and yolk colour of eggs were linearly improved (p<0.05) in laying hens fed dietary increasing levels of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583. Dietary treatment had no effects (linear or quadratic; p>0.05) on albumin height, shell thickness and shell weight at any period of experiment. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of R. capsulatus KCTC-2583 has the potential to improve the laying hen performance and lead to the development of low cholesterol eggs during late laying period in Hy-Line Brown hens.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 1998

For more convenient and rapidly isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis(Bti), 1) heat treatment spore forming bacteria, 2) growth in enrichment culture media for Bacillus sp. and 3) selection of bacteria producing a lecithinase for Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, were performed. Spore forming bacteria were counted 4.8 $\times $ 10$^{8}$cells/g soil on NAPGCY media, 9.2 $\times $ 10$^{7}$cells/g soil on NA media, and 3.6 $\times $ 10$^{8}$cells/g soil on NAAC media, respectively. Bacteria producing only a lecithinase were reached at 25.2% on medium contained egg york, bacteria only producing a delta-endotoxin were reached at 23.2% by phase contrast microscope, and bacteria producing a lecithinase & a delta-endotoxin simultaneously were reached at 13.7%. Bacillus thuringiensis which producing a lecithinase and a delta-endotoxin simultaneously among bacteria producing a lecithinase, were reached at 56.5%; A half of Bacillus thuringiensis was produced a delta-endotoxin, but not produced a lecithinase. Among 8 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis, two strain of Bti which has a mosquito-cidal toxin, were detected by PCR using a specific primer of $\delta $-endotoxin gene from Bti.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.47-47
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• 2005

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.161-166
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• 2005

Among 24 isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonads, 5 isolates named as LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4 and LPT5 were screened in vitro for their nematicidal activity against cyst forming nematode, Heterodera cajani causing patchiness, poor and stunting growth besides discoloration in Sesamum indicum. Second stage juveniles of H. cajani hatched from egg masses were collected from roots of host plant and subjected to fresh and heat-treated culture filtrate of isolates for 24 h. Mortality of H. cajani was recorded on the basis of parameters used for test organism bioassay. Among these isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPT5 caused maximum mortality towards second stage juvenile of H. cajani in vitro. Five isolates were used as seed coating for the management of cyst forming nematode H. cajani on sesame in green house condition. The strains LPT5 was better than the other strains in reducing the population of H. cajani both in vitro and in vivo. The reduction in cyst and juveniles population was found to be 49 and 60%, respectively when seeds were coated with strain LPT5. Among other strains, LPT4 was also found to inhibit the cyst and juveniles population 12 and 36% respectively. Increases in early vegetative plant growth parameters recorded in both in vitro and in vivo further revealed the significance of indigenous bacteria in comparison to introduced strain.