• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2013

산란계 사료 내 유색보리 혹은 청보리의 10 또는 20% 첨가가 산란계의 생산성과 계란 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 총 200 마리의 Brown nick을 5처리구에 5반복으로 배치하며 8주간 사양하였다. 시험군의 사료섭취량, 산란율, 난중과 일산란량은 대조구와 유의성 있게 달랐으며 특히 사료섭취량, 산란량과 일산란량은 보리의 함량이 증가할수록 유의적으로 감소하였다. 계란의 품질 중 난황색, 난각강도 또는 난각색은 사양 6주차까지의 보리 시험군에서 유의하였으나 보리를 8주차까지 급이한다면 난백고와 더불어 호우유닛에 긍정적인 영향을 나타내었다. 사양 6주까지에 대한 보리의 급이는 난각색과 난황색의 수치를 첨가량에 따라 유의적으로 높인 반면 난각강도에 대한 유의성은 없었다. 산란계 사료 내 보리의 함량을 20%로 증가시켜 급이한다면 난백고와 호우유닛은 유의적으로 증가하였으며 특히, 유색보리보다는 청보리의 첨가군에서 수치적으로 높은 9.10과 94.53의 난백고와 호우유닛을 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 산란계의 생산성과 계란의 품질을 고려한 보리 첨가 산란계 사료를 생산하고자 한다면 생산성에서는 대조구와 유사하면서도 계란의 품질을 향상시킨 청보리 혹은 유색보리를 최대 10%까지 첨가한 산란계 사료의 생산을 고려해 볼 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

This study conducted to investigate the effects of feeding Fermkito 50 on the egg production and egg quality hens. One hundred forty four, 50 weeks old ISA brown commercial layer, were used in a 28 d growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) control(basal diet), 2) FERMO.5(based diet+0.5% Fermkito), 2) FERM1.0(basal diet+1.0% Fermkito), 3) FERM+YU(basal diet+0.5% Fermkito and 0.05% yucca extract). Overall (d 0 to 28), egg production tended to increase as the concentration of Fermkito 50 in the diets was increased without significant difference(P〈0.05). As adding level of Fermkito 50 increased in the diets, egg weight tended to increase. Laying hens fed FERM+YU diet were higher egg weight than laying hens fed control diet(P〈0.05). Egg shell breaking strength was not influenced by Fermkito 50. As adding level of Fermkito 50 was increased in the diets, yolk color tended to increase. Laying hens fed FERM+YU diet had improved egg yolk index compared to laying hens fed control diet. Total-cholesterol of egg yolk in FERM1.0 and FERM+YU treatments was significantly decreased compared to that in control diet(p〈0.05). Total-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in serum tended to increase as the concentration of Fermkito 50 in the diets was decreased(P〈0.05). Also, HDL-cholesterol concentration in serum with FERM1.0 and FEUM+YU treatments was significantly higher than control diet(P〈0.05). However, LDL-cholesterol concentration in serum with FERM1.0 and FERM0.5+YU treatments was significantly lower than control diet(P〈0.05). In conclusion, supplemental Fermkito 50 in laying hen diets can be used to improve egg quality.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.166-172
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• 2007

Egg quality indices are related with freshness, size of air chamber, loss of weight, and viscosity of the yolk and the protein. However, since the described quality parameters require measured in a destructive way, it is not suitable to inspect the egg quality with complete enumeration. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the potential of image analysis method for evaluation of internal egg quality. Samples of 90 fresh eggs were collected immediately after laying and stored up to 24 days. Five eggs were randomly drawn from each storage condition (packing vs unpacking) at a regular interval and loss of weight, specific gravity and size of air chamber were measured. The image analysis for nondestructive measurement of size of air chamber was also studied. Results showed that the egg weight and gravity gradually decreased with increasing of storage days, while the size of air chamber linear increased caused by evaporation of water through the shell. A relationship a between conventional method and the image analysis method for measuring the size of air chamber was developed with the correlation coefficient of 0.928. The new finding implied that image analysis might provide a useful nondestructive tool to assess internal egg quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 1989

Studies were conducted to compare the utilization of dietary calcium between brown laying Tsaiya duck and Leghorn hen. Birds were fed corn-soybean diets containing 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0% calcium, respectively, with five birds per treatment. The metabolizability of calcium was determined by the indicator method. Experiments were conducted three times each at the age of 27, 31 and 36 weeks. Results appeared that duck eggs were heavier with better shell quality in comparison with hen eggs. Ducks fed 1% calcium diet resulted in severely depressed egg production (19%), but not for hens which still had 56% egg production. The metabolizability of calcium for hens was significantly higher than that for ducks (P<0.05) when both were fed diets containing 1 or 2% calcium. As the dietary calcium level was increased to 3 to 5%, there was no significant difference in calcium metabolizability between ducks and hens. When the dietary calcium was between 2 to 5%, the ducks retained more calcium than did the hens. Plasma calcium content for both hens and ducks fed 1% calcium diet was about the same. When the amount of the dietary calcium was increased to 2-5%, the plasma calcium level of ducks was approximately 7-10 mg/dl higher than that of hens. The calcium content in the egg shell of duck was significantly higher than that of hens, too. As the dietary calcium level was increased, there was a decreased magnesium content in the eggshell of hens, but not for ducks. The magnesium level in the eggshell was higher in hens than that in ducks. It is concluded that ducks could retain significantly more calcium and maintain higher plasma calcium level which might be the reason for larger eggs with better shell quality by ducks.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.393-408
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• 2018

본 연구는 클로렐라 건조분말을 산란계의 사료에 첨가해서 계란의 품질과 난황의 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석하였다. 시험에 사용한 유기 산란계 사료의 수분함량은 약 12.8%, 회분함량은 10.8%, 조단백질함량은 18.0%, 조지방 함량은 2.5%이었다. 사료에 첨가한 클로렐라분말의 수분함량은 약 1.54%, 회분함량은 6.53%, 조단백질은 54.56%, 조지방 함량은 2.45%이었다. 계란 난각의 색깔은 클로렐라를 급여한 후, 시간의 경과에 따라 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 진해졌다. 파각강도는 클로렐라를 급여한 후, 10일까지 증가하였으며 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 강하였다. 계란 난각의 두께도 클로렐라를 급여한 것이 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 두꺼웠다. 클로렐라 급여한 계란 난백의 높이는 대조구에 비해 높았다. 계란 난백의 품질 기준이 되는 호유닛은 클로렐라를 급여한지 10일 후, 92.0 HU로 대조구(84.8 HU)에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 클로렐라를 급여한 계란 난황의 황색도도 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 진한 황색을 나타내었다. 클로렐라를 급여한 계란의 무게는 급여 15일 후, 대조구에 비해 7.5% 증가하였으며, 단백질함량은 급여 10일과 15일 후, 대조구에 비해 각각 11.9%, 10.7% 증가하였다. 클로렐라 급여에 따른 계란 노른자의 지방산 함량의 변화를 조사한 바, 난황의 주요 지방산 조성은 oleic acid, trans-linoleic acid, palmitic acid, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, stearic acid, DHA, EPA, palmitoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid 순으로 나타났다. Palmitoleic acid는 클로렐라를 급여한 처리구가 대조구에 비해 감소하였다. 포화지방산은 클로렐라를 급여한 계란보다 대조구에서 높게 나타났고, 불포화지방산은 대조구보다 클로렐라를 급여한 계란에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 불포화지방산과 포화지방산의 비율은 대조구보다 클로렐라를 급여한 계란이 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 클로렐라 생균분말을 산란계의 사료에 첨가해서 급여할 경우 계란의 품질 향상과 난황의 불포화지방산 함량을 높이는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1989

Reciprocal crosses were conducted between three strains of Taiwan Country chickens, developed in the National Chung-Hsing University, and two strains of Single Comb White Leghorns, developed in the Taiwan Livestock Research Institute. Traits studied were growing performances, laying performances, egg quality traits and traits concerning disease resistance, including resistance to Marek's disease virus and immune responses to Newcastle disease virus vaccine and to sheep red blood cell. Results indicated that laying performances of Taiwan country chickens were much inferior to White Leghorns, but they matured earlier, their eggs had better shell strength and larger proportion of yolk, and their general disease resistance was much better than White Leghorns. Heterosis were found in laying performances and egg quality traits. The heterosis in laying traits was so large that the hybrid laid as many eggs and as large eggs as did pure strains of White Leghorns. Strategies on the improvement of native chickens and the utilization of genetic merits of native chickens were also discussed.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.115-132
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• 2000

본 장에서는 양질의 계란생산에 필요한 난각과 난각색의 형성에 관해서 언급하였다. 강한 난각의 형성은 난각을 이루는 내적인 요인들 (큐티클층, 진각, 난각층의 조직)과 소화기, 난각형성에 관여하는 각종 체내 분비선, 신장, 호르몬 등의 적정기능에 의하여 결정된다. 병아리가 성성숙에 달하면 골수골은 산란계가 난각의 형성이 정점에 달했을 때를 대비 할 수 있는 정도가 되어야 한다. 난각이 형성되는데 중요한 기능을 갖는 요인들로는 산란계 사료중의 칼슘원, 산란계사료 중의 칼슘과 인의 비율, 비타민 D의 적정수준, 체액중의 각종 무기물 균형, 기타 영양소 수준들을 들 수 있다. 또 생리적, 환경적인 요인들과 산란계의 나이나 산란계사의 온도와 습도, 산란계의 계통, 질병, 계사에서 알의 수집부터 수송에 이르기까지의 각종 관리형태 등은 계한이 생산자에서부터 소비자에 이르기까지 여러 단계에서 나타나는 각종 난각 파괴의 요인이 된다. 난각에 나타나는 색소에 관여되는 요인들로는 protoporphyrin-IX, biliverdin-IX, 아연 등이 함유된 킬레이트와 때로 적은 양이 관여하기는 하지만 coproporphyrin-III 등이 포함된다. 그러나 이러한 요인들이 난각색의 형성에 관여하는 데에는 산란계의 연령, 질병, 약품 첨가 여부, 난각 형성도 중 난각 표면의 손상 여부 등 여러 가지가 관여된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1447-1455
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• 2011

Sixty four, 30-week-old, Lohmann Brown-Lite laying hens were randomly allocated to one of four treatments with eight replicates per treatment and two hens per replicate for a 10 week study. The control diet was a high energy (11.81 MJ/kg) diet and the moderate energy (11.39 MJ/kg) diets were formulated dropping the level of animal fat. The three moderate energy diets were fed either unsupplemented (0.0%) or supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10% glycine. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed intake or feed conversion between birds fed the unsupplemented moderate energy and high energy diets. Significant differences were detected concerning egg components and quality measurements as assessed by albumen percentage (p = 0.02), yolk weight (p = 0.02), yolk percentage (p<0.01), yolk to albumen ratio (p<0.01) and yolk color (p = 0.01) between birds fed the unsupplemented moderate and high energy diets. Glycine supplementation of the moderate energy diet linearly increased (p<0.01) egg weight and feed intake with no significant (p>0.05) effects on egg production or feed conversion. Glycine supplementation significantly increased egg content (p<0.01), albumen weight (p<0.01) and percentage (p<0.01) as well as yolk weight (p<0.01) while yolk percentage (p = 0.04), yolk to albumen ratio (p = 0.01) and egg shell percentage (p<0.01) were linearly decreased. Supplementation with glycine produced a tendency (p = 0.09) towards an increase in the percentage of large eggs (63-72.9 g) produced with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of small (below 53 g) eggs (p = 0.09). The overall results of this study indicate that glycine supplementation of laying hen rations has the potential to increase egg production and weight. These increases appeared to be mediated through increases in feed intake and the ileal digestibility of fat and energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.835-840
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• 2005

The main objective of the present study was to determine the effect of dietary $\beta$-cyclodextrin ($\beta$-CD) on egg laying performance and cholesterol content of egg yolk. Feed intake, egg production and egg weight varied slightly, but not significantly, between hens fed either a control diet or a diet containing one of an increasing series of $\beta$-CD concentrations (2%, 4% or 6%). However, feed intake, egg production and egg weight were all lower in the hens fed on 8% $\beta$-CD (p<0.05). No difference in haugh unit values, egg yolk color and egg shell thickness were found between the different treatments. The cholesterol content of egg yolks (mg/g yolk) was significantly decreased by 0.71, 2.98, 4.00 and 4.24 mg in eggs from hens maintained on 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% $\beta$-CD, respectively (p<0.05). These observations indicate that appropriate supplementation of diets with $\beta$-CD can reduce the cholesterol content of eggyolks, thus raising the prospect of the production of a healthier functional food.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2000

Present study was conducted to investigate effects of microbial phytase in laying hen diets on utilization of non-phytate phosphorus(NPP) whose levels were adjusted to be adequate or lower than that of NRC requirements. Birds of control roup were fed a diet containing 0.275% NPP and 3.4% Ca, satisfying the NRC(1994) feeding standard. bird on T1, T2 and T3 were allowed to eat diets containing NPP at 100, 80 and 60%, respectively, of Control group, and 4.0% Ca level along with a microbial phytase added at a level of 300 DPU. Three hundred and sixty, ISA Brown layers, 23-week-old, divided into four treatment groups with three replications per treatment and 30 layers per replication were fed the diets for 12 weeks. Levels of feed intake were not different among the groups, The egg mass/feed intake ratio appeared better in T2 group by about 8%, though without a statistical significance, compared to that of control. Egg production fate tended to be improved over the control group by feeding the 100%(T1) and 80%(T2) NPP diets added with phytase, with a significant difference for T2(p<0.05). Mean egg weight and egg shell quality, measured by breaking strength and thickness of the egg shell, of the T2 group tended to show numerically better, without a significance than those of control. Furthermore, birds of the T2 group showed higher calcium and phosphorus contents in tibia by about 9%(p<0.05) than the control. Overall performances of birds in T1 appeared better than those of control, but tended to be lower than those of the T2. The birds in T3 performed similar to the those of the other dietary groups except the relatively low tibia calcium level. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that supplementation of microbial phytase at a level of 300 DPU was effective to spare about 20% of NPP in laying hen diets without any adverse effects on production performances and bone quality.