• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2000

Larval development, adult longevity and oviposition of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua H bner was studied at 16, 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$ with a 16L: 8D photoperiod. Egg hatchability of S. exigua was the highest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and reduced with decreasing temperature. Egg period was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and prolonged with decreasing temperature. Percent pupation was became higher at higher temperature form 23.2% to 94.0%. Developmental period of larva was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but extended with decreasing temperature. Adult emergence ratio was the highest at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and reduced with decreasing temperature. The mean pupal period was 35.2, 14.4, 7.8 and 5.0 days at 16, 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Relationships between constant temperature and the developmental velocity of egg, larva and pupa were linear. Developmental threshold temperature seems to be 13.3 8$^{\circ}C$ for egg, 14.02$^{\circ}C$ for larva, 14.09$^{\circ}C$ for pupa, and 13.84$^{\circ}C$ for egg the adult. Estimated value of the total effective temperature for completing each stage was 36.89 day-degree for egg, 155.72 day-degree for larva, 79.20 day-degree for pupa, and 273.41 day-degree for egg to adult. Female longevity varied to temperature from 11.4 days at 16$^{\circ}C$ to 5.8 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$, and male longevity was longer than that of female. Preoviposition period was the shortest at 3$0^{\circ}C$, but prolonged with decreasing temperature. It was about 2.7 times longer at 16$^{\circ}C$ than that at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Number of eggs per female was the highest at $25^{\circ}C$, followed by 20, 30 and 16$^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.448-458
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• 2009

It has been well documented from animal and human studies that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has numerous beneficial effects on health. In chickens, CLA exerts many effects on performance ranging from egg quality and yolk lipids to meat quality. Although there are several CLA isomers available, not all CLA isomers have the same incorporation rates into egg yolk: cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers are more favorably deposited into egg yolk than other isomers investigated, but of the two isomers, the former has a higher incorporation rate than the latter. CLA alters the amounts and profiles of lipids in plasma, muscles and liver. Furthermore, increased liver weight was reported in chickens fed dietary CLA. As observed in egg yolk, marked reduction in intramuscular lipids as well as increased protein content was observed in different studies, leading to elevation in protein-to-fat ratio. Inconsistency exists for parameters such as body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production rate and mortality, depending upon experimental conditions. One setback is that hard-cooked yolks from CLA-consuming hens have higher firmness as refrigeration time and CLA are increased, perhaps owing to alterations in physico-chemistry of yolk. Another is that CLA can be detrimental to hatchability when provided to breeders: eggs from these breeders have impaired development in embryonic and neonatal stages, and have increased and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Thus, both problems can be fully resolved if dietary sources rich in MUFAs are provided together with CLA. Emerging evidence suggests that CLA exerts a critical impact on stress and immune functions as it can completely nullify some of the adverse effects produced by immune challenges and reduce mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, CLA is a key regulator of genes that may be responsible for lipid metabolism in chickens. CLA down-regulates both expression of the gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and its protein activity in the chicken liver while up-regulating mRNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-l.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.347-354
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• 1997

Some attempts were made to investigate the gentic characteristics of the brown planthopper(BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Sta${\aa}$l, biotypes. In terms of egg and nymphal periods, egg hatcgability, emergence ratio, and population change of BPH and plant damage of rice cultivars by the infestation of BPH biotypes and their hybrid progenies in field conditions. The egg and nymphal periods of the three of BPH biotypes and their hybrid progenies on Dongjinbyeo with no resistance gene were shorter than on rice cultivars with resistance gene. But the periods of biotype-2(♀) X 2(♂) (E) on Samgangbyeo with Bph-1 gene and biotype-3(♀) X 3(♂)(I) on Mirying 63 with bph-2 gene were as short as on Dongjinbyeo. The egg hatchability and emergence ratio of the three Bph biotypes and their hybrid progenies on Dongjinbyeo were higher than on the other rice cultivars, and those of E on Samgangbyeo and I on Miryang 63 were as high as on Dongjinbyeo. In rice paddy field, biotype-1(♀) X 1(♂)(A)$\sim$I infested on Dongjinbyeo, E onSamgangbyeo, and I on Miryang 63 were increased their population densities remarkably in next generation. Dongjinbyeo infested by A$\sim$I, and Myryang 63 infested by I were hopperburned at 60 days after infestation and had a damage rating of 0.9. But Samgangbyeo infested by E was no hopperburn(damage rating: 7.3) though it showed high BPH population at 60 days after infestation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.635-641
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• 1998

Two months old Fayoumi, Rhode Island Red, and Fayoumi ${\times}$ Rhode Island Red chickens were reared upto 512 days of their age in the villages surrounding Bangladesh Agricultural University in order to study comparative performances of the 3 genetic groups with or without extra feeding to scavenging system of rearing and also, to study the suitability of these breeds reared under the rural condition. Fayoumi attained earlier sexual maturity (238.5 vs 262.5 d) and laid more eggs than other breeds/types. Rhode Island Red produced the largest eggs, but mortality rates were highest and Fayoumi showed greatest resistance to diseases. Crossbred was heaviest (1,275 g at 247.5 d of age) and had highest hatchability than parental breeds. Age at sexual maturity (247.5 d), 50% egg production, peak production and mortality in crossbreds were mostly influenced by sire Fayoumi but for the egg weight and body weight, the effect of the dam Rhode Island Red was significant. Extra feeding was found more beneficial to the chickens irrespective of breeds and types. The crossbred Fo ${\times}$ RIR chickens were found more suitable under rural scavenging system than the exotic breeds, Fayoumi and Rhode Island Red in the rural areas of Bangladesh.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.69-72
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• 2003

Development and life history of the Korean native firefly, Pyrocoelia rufa, were investigated throughout the indoor rearing. Average size of egg with an oval shape was 1.7 m and the hatchability of egg of P. rufa was approximately 88.5%. The larvae were pupated at the ${5^th}$ instar and the body length of the matured larvae was 27.1 mm. The total periods of larval stage to the end of the 5$^{th}$ instar were approximately 104.7 days. Average pupal period was 10.3 days and average number of eggs oviposited by a female was 87.3 eggs. The body size of female in the pupa and adult was larger than that of male. The wings of female adult were deteriorated.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2012

참딱부리긴노린재의 생물학적 특성을 조사하기 위하여, 온도 $20{\pm}1$, $25{\pm}1$, $30{\pm}1$, $35{\pm}1$, $37.5{\pm}1$, $40{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, 습도 $80{\pm}10%$, 광주기 16:8(L:D)에서 발육실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 알부터 성충우화까지의 발육영점온도는 $14.8^{\circ}C$, 유효적산온도는 399.1일도였다. $35^{\circ}C$에서 조사한 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 알 기간은 5.6일, 부화율은 81.1%, 약충 기간은 14.3일(1령 3.2, 2령 2.2, 3령 2.7, 4령 2.7, 5령 3.6일)이었다. 암컷 성충의 수명은 33.8일, 산란기간은 29.2일이었다. 총 산란수는 111.2개, 하루 최대산란수는 14.8개(7일차)였다. 알과 약충은 $37.5^{\circ}C$까지만 발육하고 $40^{\circ}C$에서는 발육하지 못했으며, $40^{\circ}C$에서 총 산란수는 22.1개였다. 참딱부리긴노린재 1령, 3령, 5령, 성충의 담배가루이 번데기 하루 포식량은 각각 1.9, 7,3, 18.7, 29.5마리였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.767-777
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• 2014

Characterizing local chicken types and their mostly rural production systems is prerequisite for designing and implementing development and conservation programs. This study evaluated the management practices of small-scale chicken keepers and the phenotypic and production traits of their chickens in Oman, where conservation programs for local livestock breeds have currently started. Free-range scavenging was the dominant production system, and logistic regression analysis showed that socio-economic factors such as training in poultry keeping, household income, income from farming and gender of chicken owners influenced feeding, housing, and health care practices (p<0.05). A large variation in plumage and shank colors, comb types and other phenotypic traits within and between Omani chicken populations were observed. Male and female body weight differed (p<0.05), being $1.3{\pm}0.65$ kg and $1.1{\pm}0.86$ kg respectively. Flock size averaged $22{\pm}7.7$ birds per household with 4.8 hens per cock. Clutch size was $12.3{\pm}2.85$ and annual production $64.5{\pm}2.85$ eggs per hen. Egg hatchability averaged $88{\pm}6.0%$ and annual chicken mortality across all age and sex categories was $16{\pm}1.4%$. The strong involvement of women in chicken keeping makes them key stakeholders in future development and conservation programs, but the latter should be preceded by a comprehensive study of the genetic diversity of the Omani chicken populations.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.357-362
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• 2007

토양의 비옥도를 높여주는 분식성 곤충으로써 우리나라에 서식하고 있는 애기뿔소똥구리(Copris tripartitus)의 발육생태를 각 온도에서 관찰하였다. 대량증식 및 환경변화 모델 적용을 위해 15, 17.5, 20, 25, 27.5 및 $30^{\circ}C$(16L:8D)에서 발육실험을 한 결과 알에서 우화까지의 발육기간은 $17.5^{\circ}C$에서 118.0일이고, $27.5^{\circ}C$에서는 49.3일이었다. 온도가 높을수록 짧은 발육기간을 보였으며, 알, 유충, 용, 알에서 우화까지의 발육영점온도와 유효적산온도는 각각 12.1, 11.2, 12.1, $9.2^{\circ}C$, 그리고 82.7, 462.0, 225.7, 947.2일도이었다. 난 및 유충의 발육단계에서 사망률은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 가장 낮게 나타나 애기뿔소똥구리의 성장에 적합한 온도는 $25^{\circ}C$이었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.311-316
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• 1997

온도조건에 따른 등검은황록장님노린재의 발육과 벼멸구 및 애멸구의 알에 대한 성충의 포식량을 조사하였다. 등검은황록장님노린재의 난부화율은 $23^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $29^{\circ}C$ 및 $32^{\circ}C$에서 각각 약 96%, 88%, $75^{\circ}C$ 및 $64^{\circ}C$로 온도가 높아질수록 낮아졌다. 난기간은 $23^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $29^{\circ}C$ 및 $32^{\circ}C$에서 각각 약 11.0일 10.0일 6.7일 및 5.6일로 온도가 높아질수록 짧아졌다. 약충기간은 $23^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $29^{\circ}C$ 및 $32^{\circ}C$에서 각각 약 13.7일 12.7일, 10.2일 및 9.1일로 온도가 높아질수록 약충기간이 짧았으며, 영기별 발육기간은 4령충에서 가장 짧았고, 1령충에서 가장 길었으나, 식이곤충에 따른 차이는 없었다. 성충수명은 $23^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $29^{\circ}C$ 및 $32^{\circ}C$에서 각각 약 22-23.5일, 19-20일, 16-17일 및 11-12일로 온도가 높아질수록 크게 짧았으나, 식이곤충 및 성별에 따른 유의한 차이는 없었다. 벼멸구 및 애멸구 알에 대한 암컷과 수컷성충의 포식량은 $23^{\circ}C$, $26^{\circ}C$, $29^{\circ}C$ 및 $32^{\circ}C$에서 각각 약 56-61개 및 26-57개, 56-60개 및 47-49개, 43-46개 및 40-42개 그리고 28-30개 및 26-27개로 온도가 높아질수록 포식량이 적었으며, 성별간에는 대체로 수컷보다 암컷에서, 식이곤충간에는 애멸구보다 벼멸구의 알을 약간 많이 포식하는 경향이었다. 그리고 마리당 일간 포식량은 2.0-3.0개 였다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.199-204
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• 2002

전남 고흥지역의 유자과원에 발생하는 글응애와 그 우점천적인 O.kashmirica benefica의 발생소장과 온도별 발육특성, 발육영점온도 그리고 유효적산온도를 1997년부터 2000년까지 4년동안 조사하였다. 15, 20, 25, 3$0^{\circ}C$ 항온조건에서, 알부터 우화까지 발육기간은 각각 67.3, 31.4, 19.4, 15.3일이었고, 각 태별로는 번데기, 알, 3령 유충, 2령 유충, 1령 유충 순으로 발육기간이 길었으며, 암성충의 일평균산란수는 각각 3.3, 5.6, 7.3, 7.7개로 온도가 높을수록 산란수는 증가하였으나, 부화율과 우화율은 $25^{\circ}C$에서 각각 92%와 60%로 가장 높았다. 성충 수명은 암컷이 54.3일, 수컷이 58.6일로 숫성충이 약간 길었고, 자연발생 상태에서 성비는 0.58이었다. 알, 1령 ,2령, 3령 유충, 번데기 그리고 알에서 번데기까지의 발육영점온도는 각각 12.7, 10.0, 10.8, 7.9, 10.1, 10.6$^{\circ}C$였고, 유효적산온도는 41.4, 22.9, 22.7, 46.6, 165.3, 292.9일도였다. O.kashmirica benefica는 유자과원에서 4월 상순부터 12월 상순까지 발생하고, 발생최성기는 글응애 발생량에 의존하여 해에 따라 다르며 발생최성기에 글응애와의 비율은 100-200:1이었다.