• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.687-708
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between cognitive conflict and students' causal attributions and to find out what kinds of attributions affect successful resolution of cognitive conflict in learning physics. Twenty-nine college students who attended a base general physics course took an attribution test and a conceptual pretest related to action and reaction concept. Of these, twenty students who revealed alternative conceptions were selected. They were confronted with a discrepant demonstration and took part in the cognitive conflict level test, a posttest, and delayed posttest. Those students who experienced high levels of cognitive conflict were selected and interviewed to find out what kinds of attributions affect resolving the conflict. When confronted with the discrepant event, the students who attributed success outcomes to "effort" experienced higher levels of cognitive conflict than those to "task difficulty." However, those students who revealed high levels of cognitive conflict and attributed success outcomes to effort did not always produce conceptual change. They had different perspectives on effort and conducted different effort activities to resolve the cognitive conflict. In addition, these effort activities appeared to include their motivational beliefs, metacognitive and volitional strategies. The results of this study indicate that in order for the conflicts to lead to change, students need to have the perspective on effort implying the use of the self-regulated learning strategy and to conduct effort activities based on them. Beyond cold conceptual change, this article suggests that there is a management strategy of cognitive conflict in the classroom context.

• 경영과학
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.79-95
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• 2013

In this study, we empirically examine the impact of win-win growth effort of domestic large firms on their financial performance. Specifically, we classify the financial performance into three aspects such as profitability, stability and efficiency, select corresponding financial ratios to each aspect, and analyze the causal relationship between the firms' win-win growth effort and each of the financial ratios. In addition, we figure out the impact of the firms' win-win growth effort on their stock rate of return. From the analysis, we show that the win-win growth effort has a positive impact on the firms' profitability, stability and stock prices; however, it does not give statistically significant impact on the firms' efficiency with even negative impact on it. These results imply that the firms' win-win growth effort could bring about inefficiency in their business operations, but the effort could increase the firms' profitability and make their financial structure more stable. Furthermore, the effort could enhance the firms' image of leading CSR (corporate social responsibility), which in turn increase their stock values.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

This paper proposes a software-reliability growth model incoporating the amount of testing effort expended during the software testing phase after developing it. The time-dependent behavior of testing effort expenditures is described by a Logistic curve. Assuming that the error detection rate to the amount of testing effort spent during the testing phase is proportional to the current error content, a software-reliability growth model is formulated by a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. Using this model the method of data analysis for software reliability measurement is developed. After defining a software reliability, This paper discusses the relations between testing time and reliability and between duration following failure fixing and reliability are studied. SRGM in several literatures has used the exponential curve, Railleigh curve or Weibull curve as an amount of testing effort during software testing phase. However, it might not be appropriate to represent the consumption curve for testing effort by one of already proposed curves in some software development environments. Therefore, this paper shows that a logistic testing-effort function can be adequately expressed as a software development/testing effort curve and that it gives a good predictive capability based on real failure data.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.675-684
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• 2003

The purposes of this study was to identify the dimensions of salesperson's effort and to examine the effect of salesperson's effort on relationship quality and customer intent to relationship continuity of middle upper class older female customers. The subjects used for the study were 202 middle upper class older female customers over 55 years living in Seoul. Factor analysis, paired t-test, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were used for statistics analysis. The results of this study were as follows. First, 5 factors were identified for the dimensions of salesperson's effort in older female customer's perception: attentiveness/product competence/effective access/friendliness/ special treatment. The salesperson's effort perceived most importantly was friendliness. Second, the salesperson's effort perceived by customer had direct and indirect effects on customer intent to relationship continuity; indirect effect mediated by relationship quality was larger than the direct one. Relationship quality was proved to have a crucial role in customer intent to relationship continuity. The influences of dimensions of salesperson's effort were also investigated. The effective access affected considerably on customer intent to relationship continuity.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.205-237
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• 2005

본 논문은 기업의 주주가 경영자에게 경영을 대리하게 하여 본인-대리인관계(principal-agent relationship)가 발생하는 상황에서 상품시장경쟁이 기업의 내부효율성에 영향을 미치는 메커니즘을 분석한다. 본 논문에서는 두 종류의 기업을 고려한다. 하나는 기존기업(incumbents)이고, 다른 하나는 신규 진입기업(entrants)이다. 각 기존기업의 주주는 경영자에게 경영을 위임하고 경영자의 노력을 관찰하지 못하여 도덕적 해이가 발생한다. 기존기업의 경영자는 두 종류의 일을 수행하는데, 하나는 비용절감을 위한 노력(생산적인 노력)이고, 다른 하나는 진입장벽을 구축하기 위한 노력(비생산적인 노력)이다. 기존기업의 수로 측정되는 경쟁도의 증가는 두 가지 효과를 유발한다. 하나는 '산출효과'로서 경영자의 생산적인 노력을 감소시키고, 다른 하나는 '노력대체효과'로서 비생산적인 노력을 감소시키고 동시에 생산적인 노력을 유도한다. 본 논문은 어떠한 조건에서 시장경쟁이 생산적인 노력에 대한 유인을 제공하는 비용을 감소시켜 기업의 내부효율성을 증진하는가를 살펴본다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2023

Background: Effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment at work have been associated poorer mental health. However, nonlinear and nonadditive effects have not been investigated previously. Methods: The association between effort, reward, and overcommitment with odds of poorer mental health was examined among a sample of 68 formal United States waste workers (87% male). Traditional, logistic regression and Bayesian Kernel machine regression (BKMR) modeling was conducted. Models controlled for age, education level, race, gender, union status, and physical health status. Results: The traditional, logistic regression found only overcommitment was significantly associated with poorer mental health (IQR increase: OR = 6.7; 95% CI: 1.7 to 25.5) when controlling for effort and reward (or ERI alone). Results from the BKMR showed that a simultaneous IQR increase in higher effort, lower reward, and higher overcommitment was associated with 6.6 (95% CI: 1.7 to 33.4) times significantly higher odds of poorer mental health. An IQR increase in overcommitment was associated with 5.6 (95% CI: 1.6 to 24.9) times significantly higher odds of poorer mental health when controlling for effort and reward. Higher effort and lower reward at work may not always be associated with poorer mental health but rather they may have an inverse, U-shaped relationship with mental health. No interaction between effort, reward, or overcommitment was observed. Conclusion: When taking into the consideration the relationship between effort, reward, and overcommitment, overcommitment may be most indicative of poorer mental health. Organizations should assess their workers' perceptions of overcommitment to target potential areas of improvement to enhance mental health outcomes.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.218-227
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• 2018

Vocal effort detection is important for both robust speech recognition and speaker recognition. In this paper, the spectral information entropy feature which contains more salient information regarding the vocal effort level is firstly proposed. Then, the model fusion method based on complementary model is presented to recognize vocal effort level. Experiments are conducted on isolated words test set, and the results show the spectral information entropy has the best performance among the three kinds of features. Meanwhile, the recognition accuracy of all vocal effort levels reaches 81.6%. Thus, potential of the proposed method is demonstrated.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2013

지금까지는 FP, UCP, COCOMO 모델에 의하여 시험노력을 추정하거나, 또는 개발한 수많은 프로젝트 데이터 측정을 통하여 각 단계별 노력 투입 비율에 의거 시험단계에 투입된 시험노력을 추정하였다. 본 연구에서는 소프트웨어 시험노력 추정을 소프트웨어 개발노력 추정과 독립적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 시험노력 추정 모델을 만들고 또 시험노력 추정절차를 제시한다. 모델은 시험노력이 테스트 케이스의 수와 복잡도에 비례하는 특성을 반영하고, 통합시험, 시스템시험, 인수시험 등 시험 태스크를 수행하는 시험 조직의 역량에 영향을 받는 점을 고려하였다. 제시한 시험노력 추정 모델과 절차에 의해 기존의 프로젝트 데이터에 시험에 관련된 추정 데이터를 이용하여 시험노력을 추정한 결과와, 개발계획 수립을 위하여 추정한 개발노력 상에서 배분된 시험노력과 비교하였을 때 4.7% 정도의 오차를 보였다. 시험 조직이 갖는 기술적인 경험, 구축된 시험환경의 정도, 프로젝트의 복잡성과 개발조직의 환경 등을 측정하여 주어진 모델의 조정 계수 값에 반영한다면, 보다 정교한 독자적인 시험노력 추정이 가능하다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.849-857
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate 5th grade elementary school girls' effort to recognize and use nutritional labels on processed foods and restaurant meals to encourage dietary behavior. The subjects (n=976) were divided into three groups (effort group, n=711; normal group, n=193; and no-effort group, n=72) depending on level of effort for the healthy dietary behavior such as eating balanced meals, eating three meals regularly, and eating meals slowly. In the effort group, the frequency of food intake for breads, ramen, noodles and fast foods was significantly lower, while frequency of food intake for fruits and vegetables and salad was significantly higher than in the other two groups. In the effort group, the ratio of the respondents that perception of nutrition labeling on processed foods and restaurant meals was 80.5% and 31.4% and the ratio of girls who checked the nutrition labeling at their point of purchase was 71.1% and 24.7%, respectively. Reasons given for not reading nutrition labeling for restaurant meals were 'not interested' for 34.6% of the effort group, and 52.2% of the no-effort group. Therefore, it is necessary to create an educational program on healthy dietary behavior, including how to read nutrition labeling and establishment of proper body image perception for elementary school girls.

• 전자공학회논문지S
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• 제36S권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 1999

인터넷은 화상회의, 원격진료, 원격 세미나 등과 같은 실시간용 어플리케이션의 증가와 접속 호스트의 증가로 인해 확장이 요구된다. 현재의 인터넷은 실시간 트랙픽 처리에 대해서 여러 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이런한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 종합 서비스 모델을 정의하고 이를 수용하는 종합 서비스 패킷망을 정의한 새로운 인터넷 아키텍쳐가 등장하였다. 현재의 인터넷 환경에서의 멀티캐스트에 관한 연구에서는 QoS구간과 best-effort구간을 독립된 네트워크 환경으로 분리하여 고려하였으나, 종합 서비스 패킷망은 이런한 환경이 복합된 망으로 QoS구간과 best-effort구간을 함께 고려해야한다. 본 논문에서는 복합된 환경을 고려한 종합 서비스 패킷망에서 멀티캐스트 프로토콜을 제시하였으며 혼합형 멀티캐스트를 모의 실험하여 성능을 분석하였다. 그 결과 멀티캐스트 구간의 대역폭이 충분할 경우에는 혼합 멀티캐스트와 bes-effort 멀티캐스트와 성능의 차이가 없지만 멀티캐스트 구간에 여러 트랙픽이 동시에 존재할 경우에는 혼합 멀티캐스트 통신의 패킷 손실이 best-effort 멀티캐스트 통신을 하는 경우보다 적음을 확인할 수 있었다.