• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2005

Nutrients are built up in paddy soils after greenhouse vegetable cultivations with relatively high rates of chemical fertilizers and composts during winter season, and the continuous nutrient accumulation is problematic in crop cultivation. Rice cultivation after greenhouse vegetables is one option for removing the accumulated nutrients in the soils. The object of this experiment was to examine the effect of reduced fertilization to rice on the removal of accumulated soil nutrients and rice yield in greenhouse vegetables and rice cropping system. Experiments were carried out at Changwon and Uiryeong in Gyeongnam province in 2001. The cropping systems were watermelon-rice and pumpkin-watermelon-watermelon-rice in Changwon and Uiryeong, respectively. The soils were Gangseo series (coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aquic Fluventic Eutrochrepts) at Changwon and Hampyeong series (fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts) at Uiryeong. Treatments of conventional fertilization ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=11-4.5-5.7$, $kg\;10a^{-1}$), no basal fertilization, no top dressing, and no fertilization were included in the experiments. Plant growth and total nitrogen content in the plant were greater as the amount of fertilizer applied were increased. Whereas $SiO_2/T-N$ rate in rice plant and nitrogen use efficiency were greater as the amount of fertilizer applied were reduced. Rice yields were not significantly different among the treatments of conventional, no top-dressed, and no-basal fertilization in Uiryeong, and the rice yields were significantly also not different between the treatments of conventional and no top-dressed in Changwon. The removal of salts in soils after rice cultivation was the highest at the treatment of no-basal fertilization in both of the sites. Therefore, reduced fertilization for rice cultivation after greenhouse vegetables could remove salts accumulated in paddy soils without any significant reducing of rice yield.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2003

The preparation method of a soluble dietary fiber from oak wood (Quercus mongolica) and the effect of the soluble dietary fiber on physiological function in rat fed high cholesterol diets was investigated. The best condition for steam explosion method was 25 kgf/㎤ pressure for 6 min. The exploded samples were delignified by the filtration treatment with 1% NaOH for several times, which is the best condition. The enzymatic hydrolysis of Cellusoft cellulase was more effective than Onozuka R-10 cellulase. The manufactured soluble dietary fiber was assayed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and it was dissolved in water. Average molecular weight distribution of manufactured soluble dietary fiber was about 348-1,200 and it was assumed the oligomer form fraction. In order to compare the manufactured soluble dietary fiber with commercial soluble dietary fiber (pectin) on the physiological function, Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal diet and five high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified to fiber free diet (FF group), 5% pectin (5P group), 10% pectin (l0P group), 5% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (5M group) and 10% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (10M group). Body weight gains in all soluble dietary fiber groups were lower than FF group. Food intakes were increased in all soluble dietary fiber groups than that of FF group. Food efficiency ratio (FER) was significantly decreased in all soluble dietary fiber groups than that of the FF group, and it was especially was highest in 10% supplemented soluble dietary fiber group. The weight of liver of the soluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were lower than those of the FF group, but weights of cecum and small intestine of all supplemented soluble dietary fiber groups were significantly increased, compared with that of FF group. The weights and water contents in feces were significantly increased by the soluble dietary fiber. The activity of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in soluble dietary fiber groups were significantly decreased than those of FF group. The hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity in all soluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were higher than that of FF group. The physiological effects of the manufactured soluble dietary fiber are the same as the commercial soluble dietary fiber (pectin). The preparation method of the soluble dietary fiber from the oak chips suited to its purpose. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1) : 9~17, 2003)

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This study evaluated the usefulness of Helmet bolus device using Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic material in total scalp irradiation. Materials and Methods: Using Rando phantom, we applied Bolx-II (Action Products, USA), paraffin wax (Densply, USA), solid thermoplastic material (Med-Tec, USA) on the whole scalp to make helmet bolus device. Computed tomography (GE, Ultra Light Speed16) images were acquired at 5 mm thickness. Then, we set up the optimum treatment plan and analyzed the variation in density of each bolus (Philips, Pinnacle). To evaluate the dose distribution, Dose-homogeneity index (DHI, $D_{90}/D_{10}$) and Conformity index (CI, $V_{95}/TV$) of Clinical Target Volume (CTV) using Dose-Volume Histogram (DVH) and $V_{20}$, $V_{30}$ of normal brain tissues. we assessed the efficiency of production process by measuring total time taken to produce. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used to verify the accuracy. Results: Density variation value of Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic material turned out to be $0.952{\pm}0.13g/cm^3$, $0.842{\pm}0.17g/cm^3$, $0.908{\pm}0.24g/cm^3$, respectively. The DHI and CI of each helmet bolus device which used Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic material were 0.89, 0.85, 0.77 and 0.86, 0.78, 0.74, respectively. The result of Bolx-II was the best. $V_{20}$ and $V_{30}$ of brain tissues were 11.50%, 10.80%, 10.07% and 7.62%, 7.40%, 7.31%, respectively. It took 30, 120, 90 minutes to produce. The measured TLD results were within ${\pm}7%$ of the planned values. Conclusion: The application of helmet bolus which used Bolx-II during total scalp irradiation not only improves homogeneity and conformity of Clinical Target Volume but also takes short time and the production method is simple. Thus, the helmet bolus which used Bolx-II is considered to be useful for the clinical trials.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.293-300
• /
• 2011

This study is conducted to develop an efficient transformation system via particle bombardment with PLBs (Protocorm-like bodies) in Cymbidium. For this, pCAMBIA3301 vector which carries a herbicide-resistant bar gene and gus gene as a reporter gene was used for transformation with Cymbidium cultivars 'Youngflower ${\times}$ masako' line. To select transformants, proper concentration of herbicide, PPT (phosphinotricin), should be determined. As a result, 5 mg/l of PPT was selected as a proper concentration. Further, proper conditions for particle bombardment were determined to obtain a high frequency of transformation. Results showed that 1.0 ${\mu}g$ of DNA concentration, 1,100 and 1,350 psi for helium gas pressure, 1.0 ${\mu}m$ of gold particle and 6 cm of target distance showed the best result for the particle bombardment experiment. Also, pre-treatment with combination 0.2 M sorbitol and 0.2 M mannitol for 4 hrs prior to genetic transformation increased the transformation efficiency up to 2.5 times. Using transformation system developed in this study, 3.2 ~ 4.0 transgenic cymbidium plants can be produced from 100 bombarded PLBs on average. Putative transgenic plants produced in this system confirmed the presence of the bar gene by PCR analysis. Also, leaves from randomely selected five transgenic lines were applied for Basta solution (0.5% v/v) to check the resistance to the PPT herbicide. As a result, three of them showed resistance and one of them showed the strongest resistance with the maintenance of green color as non-transformed plants showed. Using this established transformation system, more genes of interests can be introduced into Cymbidium plants by genetic transformation in the future.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.537-545
• /
• 1995

Quality changes of lettuce were studied during storage to investigate the efficiency, cooling properties and the washing and storage effects of immersion-type hydrocooling. As a result of plotting the nondimensionalized lettuce temperature versus cooling time, its cooling rate coefficient was shown to be $-0.365\;min^{-1}{\sim}-0.255\;min^{-1}\;(R^2=0.99{\sim}0.88)$. Rate of weight loss was not significantly (p>0.05) different between lettuces with various treatment conditions during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. However, during storage at $15^{\circ}C$, weight loss of hydrocooled lettuce was lower than that of non-treated lettuce after from 10 to 15 days. Especially, The lettuce packed with PE was more effective than that packed with try in terms of packing condition after hydrocooling. Lettuce pretreated with sterilizing agent, packed with PE vinyl film, removed residual water after hydrocooling had lower decaying rate than any other lettuces. Changes of L and b values in hydrocooled lettuce were slower than those of non-treated one. During changes of chlorophyll content, the initial value, $115.7{\sim}147.3\;mg%$ was decreased to $50{\sim}60%$ after 25 days of storage at $5^{\circ}C$ and within 15 days of storage at $15^{\circ}C$. It could be presumed that the addition of sterilizing agent reduced the initial level of overall total and coliform count and its growth rate during storage. The respiration rate of hydrocooled lettuce at $5^{\circ}C$ was $23.95\;mg{\cdot}CO_2/kg\;hr$, which is 10% of those of non-treated lettuce.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.579-584
• /
• 2009

In this experiment, three different diets were produced to investigate the effects of Jeju native chicken eggs fed with citrus peel on the profiles of rats. The first diet did not contain any eggs (TS), the second diet contained 10% eggs and no citrus peels (T0), and the third diet contained 10% chicken egg with citrus peels (T1). These diets were provided to 11-week-old male rats for four weeks. The weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly different between the three treatment groups, TS, T0, and T1. The weight of the liver was significantly higher in T0 and T1 than TS (p<0.05), but the weights of the kidney and epididymal fat pad were not significantly different between the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The total lipid, phospholipid, triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol did not significantly difference among the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The HDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol/ total cholesterol of T1 were the highest among the groups, and the atherogenic index of T1 was the lowest among the groups (p<0.05). The total protein of TS was significantly lower in T0 and T1, and the albumin of T1 was the highest among the groups (p<0.05). The albumin/globulin ratio of TS was significantly higher in T0 and T1, but the creatinine of T0 was significantly higher in T0 and T1 (p<0.05). The blood sugar and blood pigment were not significantly different between the TS, T0, and T1 groups. The $\gamma$-GTP of T1 was the lowest among the groups (p<0.05), but the ALT, AST and ALP did not show significant difference among the TS, T0, and T1 groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.10
• /
• pp.1336-1342
• /
• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (CS) on alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $135{\pm}10g$ were divided into 6 groups for 4 weeks; normal group (ND), alcohol (35%, 10 mL/kg/day) treated group (ET), CS ethanol extract 200 mg/kg/day treated group (ND-CSL), CS ethanol extract 400 mg/kg/day treated group (ND-CSH), CS ethanol extract 200 mg/kg/day and alcohol treated group (ET-CSL), and CS ethanol extract 400 mg/kg/day and alcohol treated group (ET-CSH). The body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were no differences between ND and ET. There were increases in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in ET. On the other hand, the administration of CS decreased ALT, AST and ALP activities in serum. It was also observed that the hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and xanthine oxidase (XO) increased by alcohol treatment were also markedly decreased in the CS administered groups as compared with ET. The activities of hepatic SOD, catalase, GSH-Px and XO were riot significantly different among the normal diet groups. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were increased by the administration of alcohol, on the other hand, the administration of CS reduced TBARS value in the liver. In addition, the content of glutathione (GSH) in the liver was decreased by alcohol administration, however, GSH increased after administering CS. In conclusion, the administration of alcohol develops the hyperoxidation of liver lipids through tile increase in enzymes activity related to the lipid peroxiation, however, it was decreased after administring CS. Thus, CS may have a possible protective effect on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat liver.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.436-447
• /
• 2006

Recently, there is increasing demand on enhancing the efficiency of hydro-seed spraying in afforestation for damaged or degraded land including forest road slopes. In this study, we focus on how seed coating and molding may affect seed germination and seedling growth. Plant species used in the study are Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Arudineila hirta, Poa pratensis, and Lolium perenne. The results of seed germination and seedling growth with and without seed coating and molding are analyzed as follows: 1. For all the species and in both seeding with molding covered with soil and seeding without molding in which seeds were over sown, the increment of germination ratio by seed coating method is greater than by non·coating one. Seed coating increases average germination ratios observed in seeding with molding and without molding by 11.2% and 21.4%, respectively. Germination force may decrease from 0.8 to 3.7 days depending on the plant species and the treatments. The $LD_{50}$ decreased by $0.8{\sim}2.6$ days. However, seed coating delays the start of germination by approximate 1 day for all of the observed plants. 2. Seed coating may have the effect of accelerating the growth of stem and leaf and root. The experimental result shows that seed coating leads to 21.7% and 34.8% increment of average stem and leaf growth by seeding with molding and without molding, respectively. In terms of root growth, seeding with molding results in 22.0% increment while seeding without molding produces 26.2% increased root growth. 3: Compared to seeding without molding, germination starts on an average of 1.3 days later in seeding coated seeds with molding. However. the germination ratio is increased by 5%, and germination force and $LD_{50}$ are observed to shorten by 1.0 day and 1.4 days, respectively. Meanwhile, whether seeds are coated or not may be more related with germination and seedling growth in seeding without molding than with those in seeding with molding. 4. In this study, coating materials are examined to look at which ones are better in each treatment. Coating with Vermiculite+Talcum is the most effective in germination and seedling growth for overall plants. Seed coating using Bentonite, Calcium Carbonate, and Calcium Hydroxide shows better results than non-coating does. 5. When seeds are coated, the greatest enhancement of seed germinations was observed in Indigofera pseudotinctoria and, in the case of seedling growth, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya has the most increasing observation value among the 5 examined species. These results may indicate that woody plant seeds, having greater sizes of seeds than ones of grass seeds, may have greater relation with seed coating than grass plant seeds may have. 6. Therefore, if seeds cannot be molded up after hydro-seeding on forest road slopes, it is recommended that seeds for restoration be pre-coated with Vermiculite+Talcum and then be sowed, in order to quickly stabilize the damaged slope and achieve successful afforestation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.981-986
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of fertilizer and organic resource annual dressing for 30 years of Jeonbug series (silt loam) on soil properties and rice N uptake in paddy field soil. In the study field, treatments including control (NPK), NPK+rice straw, NPK+rice straw compost and nitrogen fertilization levels at 0, 100, 150, 200, 250 kg $ha^{-1}$ have been imposed for 30 years. Soil hardness and bulk density decreased from 15.7 mm and 1.381 Mg $m^{-3}$ in the control to 12.5 mm and 1.244 Mg $m^{-3}$ in NPK+rice straw compost treatment, respectively, indicating improvement of soil physical conditions such as porosity. Co-application of straw compost with NPK also result in a better chemical properties than NPK alone as it increased available phosphate (from 96 to 133 mg $kg^{-1}$), available silicate (from 81 to 116 mg $kg^{-1}$), and cation exchange capacity (from 9.8 to 11.4 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$). Soil organic matter concentration of top soil (0 to 7.5 cm in depth) was higher in NPK+rice straw and NPK+rice straw compost than in control. Fertilizer N uptake amount was much higher in NPK+rice straw (nitrogen fertilization level; 250 kg $ha^{-1}$) and NPK+rice straw compost (nitrogen fertilization levels; 200, 250 kg $ha^{-1}$) plots compared to the control (nitrogen fertilization level; 100 kg $ha^{-1}$) plot. Nitrogen use efficiency was showed significantly high in the NPK+rice straw compost (nitrogen fertilization levels; 100, 150 kg $ha^{-1}$) plot compared to the control (nitrogen fertilization level; 100 kg $ha^{-1}$) plot. Therefore, it was suggested that application of organic inputs is helpful in improving soil fertility and physical conditions and thus in N uptake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.8
• /
• pp.1279-1285
• /
• 2004

To evaluate the antimutagenic effect and hepato protective of bamboo trees and bamboo byproduct, hot-water extracts from four kinds of bamboo [wang-dae (Phyllostachys bambusoides S. et Z.), som-dae (Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis), maengjong-juk (Phyllostachys pubescens) and o-juk (Phyllostachys nigra Munro)] and maengjong-juk extract coated rice were evaluated for antimutagenicity by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA100. Bamboo extracts showed strong antimutagenic activity in the Ames test which MNNG was used as mutagen in the absence and presence of S9 mix. Maengjong-juk extract coated rice diet suppressed the loss of body weight significantly. Food intake was increased in maengjong-juk extract coated rice supplemented group but showed no significant differences between control and maengjong-juk extract coated rice diet groups. Food efficiency of maengjong-juk extract coated rice supplemented group was significantly higher than that of the control group. Liver weight was significantly increased by maengjong-juk extract coated rice diet administration. Plasma GOT & GPT activities of rabbit were significantly suppressed in maengjong-juk extract coated rice supplemented group. These results suggest that bamboo trees extracts and maengjong-juk extract coated rice are bioavailable resource on treatment of cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia.