• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.5-14
• /
• 2009

The availability of effective vaccines has had the most profound positive effect on improving the quality of public health by preventing infectious diseases. Despite many successful vaccines, there are still old and new emerging pathogens against which there is no vaccine available. A better understanding of how vaccines work for providing protection will help to improve current vaccines as well as to develop effective vaccines against pathogens for which we do not have a proper means to control. Recent studies have focused on innate immunity as the first line of host defense and its role in inducing adaptive immunity; such studies have been an intense area of research, which will reveal the immunological mechanisms how vaccines work for protection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns on cells of the innate immune system, play a critical role in detecting and responding to microbial infections. Importantly, the innate immune system modulates the quantity and quality of long-term T and B cell memory and protective immune responses to pathogens. Limited studies suggest that vaccines which mimic natural infection and/or the structure of pathogens seem to be effective in inducing long-term protective immunity. A better understanding of the similarities and differences of the molecular and cellular events in host responses to vaccination and pathogen infection would enable the rationale for design of novel preventive measures against many challenging pathogens.

• 복식
• /
• 제44권
• /
• pp.131-141
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the various expressions with materials in fashion illustration using CAD comparing with hand work. The design motive for this study is to be selected from Bell Epoque era which was the revolutionary period in fashion illustration. The results of this study were as follows: 1. By using CAD, water color was well expressed to repeat brushing for the clarity, darkness, and brightness. It was more effective to use CAD in layering or duplicating complex and intricate patterns because the base color gets to be concealed under the repeated oil pastel. Acryl, like oil pastel, was easily absorbed in canvas, so it is effective to repeat brushing for expressing pure color. It was inconvenient to use wax crayon for controlling the moderate opacity because wax crayon absorbed water color dye stuffs, so crayon line was concealed when repetitions were being done. 2. The advantage of using CAD was convenience for getting rid of troublesome process and inefficient works. Also, CAD had a good tool like oil pastel in the use of coloring work by using pure color. By using CAD, various expressions on materials and texture of surface can be achieved effectively. Also, it is very strong substitute for time-saving, convenience, economic aspects from providing simple instrument, and production in the state of various kinds of paper and canvas as a method of visualization. Therefore, fashion illustration using CAD provides effective way of producing works, and gives promising vision in the future.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.165-169
• /
• 2009

Two dosimeters are provided to radiation workers participating in tasks where high radiation exposure is expected during maintenance at nuclear power plants. At Korean nuclear power plants, two dosimeters are currently provided for tasks where exposure rates exceed 1 mSv/hr, the difference of equivalent dose to specific parts of the body is more than 30% and an exposure of more than 2 mSv is expected in a single task. These conditions for the provisioning of two dosimeters are based on previous field test results, and it is recommended that the dosimeters be worn on the chest and back. It was also found that the workers felt it was more convenient when they wore two dosimeters on chest and back rather than on chest and head. After the application of previous field test results to practice, it was found that the calculated effective dose for workers during radiation work was lower than the maximum dose of chest or back dosimeter by approximately 10%-30%. This performance is regarded not only to meet the international guideline but also to provide convenience for workers during radiation work.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국대기환경학회 1997년도 한국대기보전학회 춘계학술대회 요지집
• /
• pp.79-81
• /
• 1997

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.279-285
• /
• 1998

This study investigated human error characteristics of the 42 fatal industrial accidents reported by staff members of Korea Industrial Safety Corporation. Various types of human error were judged to be primary contributing factors in about 74 percent of the cases. Most of human error made by involved industrial operators resulted from two types of mistakes: (1) mistake in judgement of work situation, and (2) omission in daily check. It was concluded that preparation/observance for work procedure manuals, danger predication training and enforcement/Education of daily check routine would be effective preventive tools for these types of human error attributable to fatal industrial accidents.

• 대한수학회논문집
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.143-153
• /
• 2000

In [8], Franca and Stenberg developed several Galerkin least squares methods for the solution of the problem of linear elasticity. That work concerned itself only with the error estimates of the method. It did not address the related problem of finding effective methods for the solution of the associated linear systems. In this work, we propose the block diagonal preconditioners. The preconditioned conjugate residual method is robust in that the convergence is uniform as the parameter, v, goes to $\sfrac{1}{2}$. Computational experiments are included.

• East Asian mathematical journal
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.399-410
• /
• 1998

In [3], Franca and Stenberg developed several Galerkin least squares methods for the solution of the problem of linear elasticity. That work concerned itself only with the error estimates of the method. It did not address the related problem of finding effective methods for the solution of the associated-linear systems. In this work, we present computational experiments of W-cycle multigrid method. Computational experiments show that the convergence is uniform as the parameter, $\nu$, goes to 1/2.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.101-125
• /
• 2013

Recently family policy and social policy have focused on the balance between the work and family of working parents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the status of the work-life balance of married working women. For this purpose the eight married working women who care for 1 or more pre-school child(ren) were interviewed. The questionnaire used was consisted of 4 themes : 1) child care, 2) working situation, 3) the work-life balance and 4) the need to improve related policies. Through the interviews and data analysis we found the following : 1) Accessibility to educarecenter was considered the most important factor for working moms when they choose an educarecenter. In order to improve accessibility of educarecenters we have to install more educarecenters with various level. 2) All respondents look maternity leave and they evaluated that other services were very weak in terms of quality, usefulness and accessibility. 3) Many childcare services aid in creating work and family balance, however they are not effective. Therefore future policies should focus on providing more options for working women for appropriate services according to childcare needs, working conditions and preferences.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.201-212
• /
• 2022

Prior to the emergence of Covid-19, Saudi Arabia (SA) had never faced the challenge of dealing with a global pandemic. Significantly, the current crisis has impacted all industries and sectors in the country, including the healthcare system, and has led to an emphasis on human life being more precious and valuable than economic profit. This study focuses on the impact of Covid-19 on the health of nurses, including their quality of life, during 2020. Understanding the position of the nursing profession during the pandemic, including the most effective methods of preventing work-related stress is important. Information was acquired through an online survey method (i.e. self-completion), known as the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS), which was distributed to nurses in all regions of SA. It was found that the main aspects impacting nurses' work-related stress include gender, employment type, training, and dealing with infected patients. In addition, they highlight that such stress plays a substantial role in patient safety and nurses' satisfaction at work, as well as the future survival of organizations. The emergence of Covid-19 as a novel infectious disease has increased nurses' uncertainty and work-related stress. The results of this research will provide insights into the views of both nurses and their managers, in order to identify the main indicators of stress.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.243-249
• /
• 2023

Background: Southeast Asia has many people who work in the agriculture sector. Not many stakeholders pay special attention to the health of farmers, even though they are exposed to various types of hazards. One of the most common health complaints among farmers is related to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). This study aims to assess the prevalence of WMSDs and factors associated with them among farmers in Southeast Asia. Methods: A literature search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and EBSCO was conducted. Articles were included if they studied ergonomic problems among farmers from 11 countries in the Southeast Asia region and were published during 2015-2022. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program was used to evaluate the quality of the articles. The search process and retrieval process reflected PRISMA's recommendation. Result: There were 14 studies found from 3 countries that had published articles in PubMed and ScienceDirect, including Thailand [8], Indonesia [4], and Malaysia [2]. The prevalence of WMSDs in Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia was 78,31%, 81,27%, and 88,39%, respectively. Common factors associated with WMSDs include age, sex, smoking habits, drinking alcohol habits, working period (years), type of work, awkward position, non-ergonomic equipment, repetitive movements, and lifting heavy loads. Conclusion: The prevalence of WMSDs among farmers in Southeast Asia is considerably high. Effective intervention is essential for reducing the prevalence and protecting workers' health and well-being.