• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.849-854
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• 2009

Pollutant unit load (unit-load) reported by Ministry of Environment (MOE) in 1995 has been a useful method for watershed management and environmental policy decision. The unit-load has been estimated using effective rainfall ratio method. However, reliability of unit-load determined by the method has been criticized especially for paddy field and upland conditions. In this paper the unit-load of paddy field estimated by effective rainfall ratio method was compared with continuous monitoring data. Annual loads was simulated by the method choosing 5~6 storm events randomly from whole events collected. Probability distribution of difference between results by the method and measured data was investigated. The results showed that unit-load derived by the method was generally lesser than measured unit-load and showed wide variations. Therefore, unit-load estimation of paddy fields by effective rainfall ratio method need caution.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.59-72
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• 1987

Although long-term runoff analysis is important as much as flood analysis in the design of water works, the technological level of the former is relatively lower than that of the latter. In this respect, the precise estimation model for the volume of successive runoff should he developed as soon as possible. Up to now, in Korea, Gajiyama's formula has been widely used in long-term runoff analysis, which has many problems in applying in real situation. On the other hand, in flood analysis, unit hydrograph method has been exclusively used. Therefore, this study aims at trying to apply unit hydrograph method in long-term runoff analysis for the betterment of its estimation. Four test catchment areas were selected ; Maesan area in Namlum river as a representative area of Han river system, Cheongju area in Musim river as one of Geum river system, Hwasun area in Hwasun river as one of Yongsan river system, and Supyung area in Geum river as one of Nakdong river system. In the analysis of unit hydrograph, seperation of effective rainfall was carried out firstly. Considering that effective rainfall and moisture condition of catchrnent area are inside and outside of a phenomenon respectively and the latter is not considered in the analysis, Initial base flow(qb)was selected as an index of moisture condition. At the same time, basic equation(Eq.7) was established, in which qb can take a role as a parameter in relating between cumulative rainfall(P) and cumulative loss of rainfall(Ld). Based on the above equation, computer program for estimation model of qbwas seperately developed according to the range of qb, Developed model was applied to measured hydrographs and hyetographs for total 10 years in 4 test areas and effective rainfall was estimated. Estimation precision of model was checked as shown in Tab- 6 and Fig.8. In the next stage, based on the estimated effective rainfall(R) and runoff(Qd), a runoff distribution ratio was calculated for each teat area using by computerised least square method and used in making unit hydrographs in each test area. Significance of induced hydrographs was tested by checking the relative errors between estimated and measured runoff volume(Tab-9, 10). According to the results, runoff estimation error by unit hydrograph itself was merely 2 or 3 %, but other 2 or 3 % of error proved to be transferred error in the seperation of effective rainfall. In this study, special attentioning point is that, in spite of different river systems and forest conditions of test areas, standardized unit hydrographs for them have very similar curve shape, which can be explained by having similar catchinent characteristics such as stream length, catchinent area, slope, and vegetation intensity. That fact should be treated as important factor ingeneralization of unit hydrograph method.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to develop water saving irrigation method using water balance model in order to save rural water. Daily water balance components such as irrigation water, drainage water, effective rainfall, ET, and infiltration were measured in paddy fields. Model simulations were performed for different outlet heights and ponding depths. The outlet heights and the ponding depths are 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm, respectively. Based on the simulation very shallow ponding depth of 2 cm with 10 cm outlet height showed the largest effective rainfall ratio and the smallest irrigation amount. Until the introduction of laser leveling dozer and automatic inlet control devices, it would be desirable to adopt 4cm ponding depth because of difficulty of land leveling and frequency of farmer's field visit. The results of this study will be applied in the paddy farming and can improve water use efficiency.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.999-1006
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• 2019

Recently, the quantitative management of agricultural water supply, which is the main source for water consumption in Korea, has become more important due to the effective water management organization of the Korean government. In this study, the estimation method for irrigation supply based on agricultural reservoir storage data was improved compared to previous research, in which drought year selection was unclear, and the outlier data for the rainfall-irrigation supply were not eliminated in the regression analysis. In this study, the drought year was selected by the ratio of annual precipitation to mean annual precipitation and the storage rate observed before the start of irrigation. The outlier data for the rainfall-irrigation supply were eliminated by the Grubbs & Beck test. The proposed method was applied to nine agricultural reservoirs for validation. As a result, the ratio of annual precipitation to mean annual precipitation is less than 53% and the storage rate observed before the start of irrigation is less than 55% it was judged to be the drought year. In addition, the drought supply factor, K, was found to be 0.70 on average, showing closer results to the observed reservoir rates. This shows that water management at the real is appling drought year practice. It was shown that the performance of the proposed method was satisfactory with NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) and R² (coefficient of determiniation) except for a few cases.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the international symposium on the fusion technology
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• pp.703-710
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• 2003

In the sub-surface environments, detection of the movement of contaminant substances and recharge of groundwater by rainfall are very important factors which contain porosity and effective porosity of porous media. In this paper, the applicability of permittivity methods and proposed dielectric mixing models (DDMs) are discussed. This study showed that the ratio of effective porosity to porosity of Toyoura and River sands were 0.856 and 0.843. From the relationships between the relative porosity and effective porosity, all measured values can be confirmed to outside the range to about 0.800 for Toyoura and River sands under all experiments by FDR and FDR-V systems. In the study, this permittivity equipment can be considered to be good enough to measure determining the physical parameters of saturated soils. Consequently, this permittivity method can be contributed to estimate a porosity and effective porosity of saturated porous media because it is easy and instantaneous than previous in-situ methods.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.97-111
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• 2022

This study was conducted as restoration work to improve the discharge in forested wetlands where there is a concern of damage and observed changes in the discharge and groundwater level. The monthly changes showed that during the wet season, the amount of discharge decreased after restoration and GWL increased. It showed that during the dry season, the GWL and discharge increased. The increased discharge after restoration seems to be the difference in the number of days with no rainfall duration. The change in discharge for each unit of rainfall showed a tendency to increase the baseflow and decrease the direct discharge after restoration. The recharge ratio of GWL showed a decreasing tendency as rainfall was higher. After restoration, it showed a higher tendency under rainfall with less than 20mm. It has been confirmed that the restoration implemented by the study caused such an effect as the increased baseflow and increased GWL. It would be an effective restoration method to maintain water resources in forested wetlands. In the initial rainfall, it demonstrated a certain level of effect, but it is necessary to develop a restoration technology that can decrease the amount of water discharged after the end of rainfall or during the period of no rainfall to protect and maintain the forested wetlands. Streamflow should be identified by each type of terrain of wetlands and a proper restoration countermeasure should be devised for the site where the discharge frequently occurs.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2016

Purpose: There is a growing interest in rainwater runoff reduction effect of green roof, as flooding caused by increasing impervious surface is becoming more and more frequent in urban areas. This study was conducted to prove runoff reduction and runoff delay effect of the retentive green roof and to investigate its influencing factors to the rainfall events that occurred in the summer of 2013. Method: The experiment intended to monitor the runoff quantity of the retentive green roof($140m^2$) and normal roof($100m^2$) in #35 building in Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea for 75 days in 2013. Result: On analysis of 9 rainfall events, it showed that the retentive green roof has 24.8~100% of runoff reduction ratio, 21.2~100% of peak flow reduction ratio, 0.5~3.75 hours of peak delay, and $1.8{\sim}7.2m^3$ of retaining capacity in an area of $140m^2$. It shows different results depending on rainfall and antecedent dry days. The results show that runoff reduction effect is effective when the rainfall is less than 50 mm and antecedent dry day is longer than five days on average. By installing retentive green roofs on buildings, it can help mitigate urban floods and rehabilitate urban water cycle.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.449-453
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• 2007

1974년 한강홍수예경보시스템을 구축한 이후로, 저류함수법을 근간으로 하는 홍수예경보시스템이 주요하천을 대상으로 운영되고 있다. 1961년 목촌릉황(木村俊晃)에 의하여 제안된 저류함수법은 저류함수를 기본식으로 이용하고 있다. 저류함수법에서는 유역을 유출역과 침투역으로 구분하고, 누가우량이 포화우량을 초과하기 전까지는 유출역에서만 유출이 발생하고, 포화우량을 초과한 후부터 침투역에서도 유출이 발생하는 것으로 가정하였고, 이때 유출역의 면적이 일정하므로 유출률은 일정한 것으로 가정하였다. 또한 유출역과 침투역의 유출량을 분리하여 계산하며, 이는 비선형저수지의 특성을 고려하면 불합리하다. 본 연구에서는 저류방정식과 연속방정식을 이용한 수정저류함수법을 제시하였으며, 유효우량은 SCS 초과우량산정방법을 이용하였다. 낙동강유역의 위천을 대상으로 수정저류함수법을 적용하였으며, Kimura 저류함수법에 비하여 첨두홍수량 산정에 개선된 결과를 보였으며, 매개변수의 감소로 적용성을 개선하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.134-142
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the drain runoff characteristics from one paddy field, and to provide the basic data required for the determination of flood discharge and unit drainage water for drainage improvement and farmland consolidation. For this purpose, under the assumption that drain discharge from paddy field was similar to outflow of reservoir, runoff model based on storage equation was applied to the experimental field, and simulated results were compared to the measured discharge at weir point. To estimate effective storage volume of paddy field with water depth, 4 regression formula were examined such as linear, exponential, power, and combined. From the observed runoff characteristics, it was shown to be 3.3~16.3${\ell}$/sec in weir discharge, 57.2~98% in runoff ratio, and relative error of simulated result was 3.0~39.4%, 8.5 ~56.0 % for peak flow and runoff ratio, respectively. Curve number by SCS method was calculated as mean value of 96.4 using measured rainfall and runoff data, it was considered relatively high because paddy field has generally flooding depth contrary to the upland watershed area.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.281-300
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• 1975

1. 금강유역(錦江流域)의 평균년강수량(平均年降水量)은 1203.0mm이고, 면적강수량(面積降水量)을 산출(算出)할 때 많이 사용(使用)하는 Thiessen법(法)의 Areal weight는 표(表)-과 같다. 2. 최대연강수량(最大年降水量)은 1501~2000mm인 곳이 24개관측소중(個觀測所中)며 17개소(個所)나 되어 가장 많은 71%이고, 나머지는 1500mm이하(以下)인 곳이 3개소(個所)이며, 2001mm이상(以上)인 곳은 4개소(個所)이다. 3. 최대일강우량(最大日降雨量)은 201~300mm인 곳이 15개소(個所)로 가장 많은 63%의 분포(分布)이다. 4. 최대(最大)2일간연속강우량(日間連續降雨量)은 300mm를 중심(中心)으로 전후(前後) 각각 50%씩 분포(分布)된다. 5. 최대(最大)3일간연속강우량(日間連續降雨量)은 301~400mm인 곳이 15개소(個所)로 63%의 분포(分布)이며 이는 최대일강우량(最大日降雨量)보다 100mm가 더 많은 강우량(降雨量)이다. 6. 최대연속강우량(最大連續降雨量)은 401~600mm인 곳이 14개소(個所)로 가장 많은 58%의 분포(分布)이며 이는 최대일강우량(最大日降雨量)보다 200mm가 더 많은 강우량(降雨量)이다. 7. 확률일강우량(確率日降雨量)은 표(表)-5와 같고, 무주(茂朱)를 중심(中心)으로한 대청(大淸)댐유역(流域)의 확률일강우량(確率日降雨量)이 가장 많으며, 다음으로는 강경(江景) 공주(公州) 및 부여(扶餘)를 연결(連結)하는 지방(地方)이 다우(多雨)인 편(便)이다. 8. 6월(月)1일(日)부터 9월(月)10일(日)까지 100일간(日間)의 논벼 관개기간중(灌漑期間中)의 강우량(降雨量)은 601~800mm 인 곳이 16개소(開所)로 76%의 분포(分布)이며 이는 표(表)-6과 같다. 9. 유효우량(有效雨量)은 501~600mm인 곳이 15개소(個所) 71%의 분포(分布)이며, 유효율(有效率)은 66~75%인 곳이 13개소(個所)로 62%의 비율(比率)이고, 다음으로는 76~85%인 곳이 7개소(個所)로 33%의 비율(比率)이다. 10. 확률유효우량(確率有效雨量)은 각 지방(地方)의 연평균유효우량(年平均有效雨量)은 보다 100mm정도(程度)씩 적고, 301~500mm인 곳이 14개소(個所)로 67%의 분포(分布)이다. 11. 갈수년도(渴水年度)는 유역내(流域內)를 총괄적(總括的) 동일(同一)하게 지정(指定)할수 없다고 여겨진다. 12. 금강유역(錦江流域)의 s/S는 0.53~0.74로 되어 수자원면(水資源面)에서 비교적(比較的) 안정(安定) 편(便)이다.