• 정신신체의학
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.78-91
• /
• 2002

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 신체화 평가 척도를 개발하고자 하는 데 있다. 방법: 일차로 성인 정상인 109명을 대상으로 신체화 평가 척도 예비설문을 시행하여 40개 문항을 추출하였다. 2차로 이 문항들이 포함된 설문을 정상인 215명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 결과: 이 자료들을 요인분석한 결과 5개의 하위요인 즉 심장호흡기 및 신경계 반응, 신체적 과민반응, 위장관계 반응, 일반적 신체반응, 비뇨생식기 눈 및 근육계 반응이 추출되었다. 상기 척도의 신뢰도는 정상인 62명에게 2주 간격으로 검사-재검사를 시행, 분석한 결과 5개 하위척도 점수와 척도 전체 점수 간의 상관계수가 .86~.94로 모두 유의한 상관성올 보였다. 한편 내적 일치도는 5 개 하위척도의 Cronbach's ${\alpha}$가 .72~.92, 척도 전체의 Cronbach's ${\alpha}$가 .95이었다. 공존타당도는 global assessment of recent stress (GARS) scale, perceived stress questionnaire (PSQ), 스트레스반응척도 총점, symptom checklist-90-R(SCL-90-R)의 신체화 척도를 비롯한 하위척도와 전체지표 각각의 총점과 본 척도의 5개 하위척도의 점수 및 척도 전체점수 간의 상관성을 각각 비교한 결과 모두 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 변별타당도는 환자군 242명(불안장애 71 명, 우울장애 73명, 신체형장애 47명, 정신신체장애 51명)과 정상군 215명 간에 척도의 총점과 하위척도 점수를 비교한 결과 5개 하위척도 점수와 총점에서 각각 유의한 차이를 보였다. 각 장애군이 정상군보다 척도 전체점수가 유의하게 더 높았으나, 우울장애군만이 하위척도 점수 및 척도 전체점수 모두에서 정 정상군보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 또한 신체적 과민반응에서는 우울장애군만이 정상군보다 점수가 유의하게 더 높고 일반적 신체반응에서는 우울장애 및 신체형장애군만이 정상군 보다 유의하게 더 높았다. 대상자들에서 여자가 남자보다 척도 전체 점수가 유의하게 더 높았다. 결론: 이상의 결과들은 신체화 평가 척도가 신뢰도 및 타당도가 모두 유의한 수준으로 스트레스 및 신체화에 관련된 분야의 연구에 효과적으로 이용될 수 있는 도구임을 시사해 준다 또한 우울장애 및 신체형장애군이 불안장애 및 정신신체장애군에 비해 더 광범위한 신체화 경향을 보임을 시사해 준다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제6권6호
• /
• pp.513-519
• /
• 2012

Aged garlic extract (AGE) is known to have a protective effect against immune system, endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation. We examined the effects of exercise with and without aged garlic extract administration on body weight, lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress marker in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a HFD (HFD, n = 40) or a normal diet (ND, n = 5) for 6 weeks and thereafter randomized into ND (n = 5), HFD (n = 10), HFD with AGE (n = 10), HFD with Exercise (n = 10), or HFD with Exercise+AGE (n = 10) for 4 weeks. AGE groups were administered at a dose of 2.86 g/kg body weight, orally. Exercise consisted of running 15-60 min 5 days/week with gradually increasing intensity. AGE (P<0.01), Exercise, and Exercise+AGE (P<0.001) attenuated body weight gain and food efficiency ratio compared to HFD. Visceral fat and liver weight gain were attenuated (P<0.05) with all three interventions with a greater effect on visceral fat in the Exercise+AGE than AGE (P<0.001). In reducing visceral fat (P<0.001), epididymal fat (P<0.01) and liver weight (P<0.001), Exercise+AGE was effective, but exercise showed a stronger suppressive effect than AGE. Exercise+AGE showed further additive effects on reducing visceral fat and liver weight (P<0.001). AGE significantly attenuated the increase in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared with HFD (P<0.05). Exercise+AGE attenuated the increase in triglycerides compared with HFD (P<0.05). Exercise group significantly decrease in C-reactive protein (P<0.001). These results suggest that AGE supplementation and exercise alone have anti-obesity, cholesterol lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects, but the combined intervention is more effective in reducing weight gain and triglycerides levels than either intervention alone.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제12권10호
• /
• pp.365-375
• /
• 2012

본 연구는 대학생의 스마트폰 중독사용 정도에 따른 상지통증과 불안, 우울 및 대인관계의 관계를 파악하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 자료 수집은 2012년 5월부터 6월까지 일 대학의 대학생들 중 스마트폰 사용자를 대상으로 스마트폰 중독사용 정도, 상지통증, 불안, 우울 및 대인관계에 대해 구조화된 질문지를 이용하여 조사하였다. 응답내용이 누락되거나 불완전한 경우를 제외한 525명의 자료를 분석하였다. 스마트폰 중독사용 정도에 따른 상지통증, 불안, 우울 및 대인관계의 차이는 $x^2$와 t-test로 분석하였고, 스마트폰 중독사용, 불안, 우울 및 대인관계의 상관관계는 Pearson correlation coefficient로 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 중독사용군은 62명(11.8%)이었다. 여자 대학생의 스마트폰 중독사용 정도는 남자 대학생에 비해 심각했으며, 하루에 스마트폰을 사용하는 시간이 긴 대상자가 스마트폰 중독사용 정도가 높았다. 스마트폰 중독사용군이 정상사용군에 비해 어깨통증 호소가 많았으나 다른 부위의 상지 통증의 차이는 없었다. 상태불안, 특성불안, 우울 모두 중독사용군이 정상사용군보다 높았다. 그리고 스마트폰 중독성향이 강할수록 상태불안, 특성불안 및 우울 정도는 높았고, 상태불안, 특성불안 및 우울 정도가 높을수록 대인관계는 좋지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 스마트폰 중독사용 고위험군을 조기에 선별하고, 이들을 위한 바른 자세, 다양한스트레스 대처방법, 긍정적인 정신건강 및 효율적인 대인관계 향상 등의 중독 예방프로그램 개발의 기초자료로 활용될 것을 기대한다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.412-423
• /
• 2002

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise using biofeedback and electrical stimulation after normal vaginal delivery. The data were collected from November 1999 to April 2000 at a university hospital located in Seoul, Korea. Out of 49 women with normal vaginal delivery, 25 of experimental group(with exercise) and 24 of control group(without exercise) were questioned about lower urinary symptoms, discomfort during sexual intercourse and daily life. The maximum pressure of pelvic floor muscle contraction(MPPFMC) and duration of pelvic floor muscle contraction(DPFMC) were measured at pre-treatment, the end of treatment and 8 weeks after a treatment program. The pelvic floor muscle exercise program(using biofeedback and electrical stimulation) was applied to the experimental group twice a week for 4 weeks at the incontinence clinic and the pelvic floor muscle exercise at home for that time and more 8 weeks. Data were analyzed by t-test, $x^2$-test, Fisher's exact test and the repeated measures ANOVA. The results were as follows; 1) MPPFMC(p=0.000) and DPFMC(p=0.021) were significantly increased in the experimental group. 2) In the lower urinary symptoms, daily frequency(p=0.001), nocturia(p=0.002), incontinence episode(p=0.016), stress incontinence(p=0.012), quantity of incontinence(p=0.026), straining(p=0.041), and strength of stream(p=0.009) were significantly decreased in the experimental group. 3) Discomfort during sexual intercourse had not a significant difference between the two groups, which was not significantly decreased as time passed. 4) In the discomfort during daily life, activity restriction(p=0.042), exercise restriction (p=0.008), interpersonal relationship restriction(p=0.046), and discomfort of general life(p=0.027) showed a significant difference between the two groups, which were not significantly decreased as time passed. In conclusion, it is suggested that the pelvic floor muscle exercise using biofeedback and electrical stimulation might be a safer and more effective program for the improvement of postpartum pelvic muscle contraction.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.153-170
• /
• 2007

중력자료 및 자력자료를 이용하여 독도해산들의 지각평형 탄성판모델 및 VGP(Virtual Geomagnetic Pole)를 분석하여 해산들의 형성시기와 형성환경을 연구하였다. 후리에어중력이상은 독도와 이사부해산 최고치 사이에 약 50 mGal의 차이를 보이는데 이 두 화산체는 규모면에서 비슷하지만 후리에어중력이상에서 차이가 나는 것은 보상정도의 차이에 기인한다. 탄성판모델의 적용 결과는 해산 하부 지각의 강도(탄성두께)가 이사부해산에서 독도로 갈수록 강해짐(두꺼워짐)을 지시한다. 즉, 이사부해산이 생성될 당시의 해산 하부 지각의 연령이 가장 젊었고 독도가 생성될 때 하부 지각이 가장 오래 되었다는 것을 나타낸다. 자기이상은 독도해산들을 중심으로 복잡하게 나타난다. 고지자기 특성을 연구하기 위하여 자기 이상을 1500m 상향연속한 후 최소자승자화법 및 반놈자화법을 함께 이용하여 각 독도해산들의 VGP를 구하였다. 기존 독도암석의 연대측정, 탄성판 모델 및 VGP결과를 지자기 연대표와 비교하여 보면 울릉분지의 열개 종료 후에 이사부해산이 정자기극 시대에 가장 먼저 생성되었고 독도은 가장 후기에 생성되었으며 정자기극 시대에 첫 번째 대규모 분출이 있었고 그 후 역자기극 시대에 두 번째 대규모의 분출로 인하여 이루어졌을 것으로 생각된다. 심흥택 해산은 독도와 이사부해산의 생성시기 사이의 정자기극 시대에 형성되었을 것으로 사료된다. 이 해산들의 생성 시기는 동해 생성 후 압축응력이 작용하던 시기와 일치하며 이 압축력 시기의 화산활동에 의해 해산들이 생성되었을 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단된다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 2017

Gastric ulcer is a clinical symptom characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Stress and alcohol consumption have been identified as the major cause of gastric ulcer. However, the effects of silkworms on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer have not been studied yet. The mature silkworms that are difficult to eat have become easier to ingest due to recent technological development to make steaming and freeze-drying mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP). In this study, we investigated whether three silkworm varieties, Baekokjam, Golden-silk and Yeonnokjam could alleviate ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in vivo. Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with 3 SMSPs (0.1 or 1 g/kg BW) or normal diet (AIN-76A) were exposed to absolute ethanol (3 g/kg BW, 3 h) by oral gavage. Morphological examination included ulcer index as a measurement of hemorrhages and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to analyze the severity of gastric ulcer. Results of macroscopic examination suggested that all 3 SMSPs pretreatment significantly protected gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced damage. Microscopic observations demonstrated significant mucosal erosion and inflammation in ethanol-treated rats, which was abrogated in rats pretreated with 3 SMSPs. In addition, pretreatment with all 3 SMSPs showed significant decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2. Among SMSP from 3 varieties of silkworm, preadministration of 1 g/kg Baekokjam SMSP showed the most effective protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. These results suggest that Baekokjam SMSP can be a potential gastroprotective agent against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.47-63
• /
• 2004

In most tissues, apoptosis plays a pivotal role in normal development and in regulation of cell number. Therefore inappropriate apoptosis is revealed in a variety of diseases. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of acupuncture and needle electrode electrical stimulation on the change of caspase-3, 9 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactive cells in the sprague dawley rats (SD rat). In immobilized SD rats (n=5), enhanced caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression were detected in the reticular part of substantia nigra, and enhanced nNOS was detected in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (DL-PAG) of midbrain and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry. Following the immobilization, acupuncture (n=5) and needle electrode electrical stimulation (n=5, 2 Hz) was applied at H$\acute{e}$g$\breve{u}$ (LI4) acupoint of SD rats, respectively. The stress-induced enhancement in the expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS were The present results demonstrate that and needle electrode electrical stimulation are effective in the modulation of expression of caspase-3, 9 and nNOS induced by immobilization.

• 대한불안의학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.101-107
• /
• 2006

Object : Since autonomic nerve system dysfunction was known as the mechanism of panic disorder, many researchers used heart rate variability (HRV) as means of measuring autonomic nerve function of patients with panic disorder. We aimed to examine the effect of paroxetine medication for 3 months on symptom improvement and change of heart rate variability of the patients with panic disorder. Methods : The subjects were patients with panic disorder who visited the psychiatric outpatient clinic of Samsung Medical Center in Seoul. We included panic disorder patients who were aged from 20 to 50 and in normal BMI range (from 18 to 30) to minimize the effect of age and weight on HRV data. We excluded the patients with EKG abnormalities, hypertension or other major psychiatric disorders. They took 20-40 mg paroxetine medication a day for 3 months. Alprazolam was used only during the first month to control the acute panic symptoms and was tapered off after that. We measured the acute panic inventory (API), Hamilton rating scale for anxiety and depression (HAM-A & HAM-D), Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAIS, STAIT), and Beck depression inventory (BDI) in order to assess clinical improvement of the patients. And we measured time and frequency domain HRV in the resting, standing and cognitive stress states to assess the change of HRV. All measurements were done before and after paroxetine treatment. Result : After paroxetine medication, patients showed significant improvement in all psychiatric scales. In time domain of HRV, standard deviations of all R-R intervals (SDNN) were significantly increased in all states. In frequency domain of HRV, the ratio of high frequency to total power (HF/TP) in the standing state was significantly increased. Conclusion : After 3 months paroxetine medication, panic disorder patients showed significant clinical improvement and change in HRV data such as SDNN in all states and HF/TP ratio in the standing state. This result suggests that paroxetine medication is effective for the improvement of autonomic nerve system dysfunction in panic disorder patients.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2017

The oocyte undergoes various events during in vitro maturation (IVM) and subsequence development. One of the events is production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is a normal process of cell metabolism. But imbalances between ROS production and antioxidant systems induce oxidative stress that negatively affect to mammalian reproductive process. In vitro environments, in vitro matured oocytes have many problems, such as excessive production of ROS and imperfect cytoplasmic maturation. Therefore, in vitro matured oocytes still have lower maturation rates and developmental competence than in vivo matured oocytes. In order to improve the IVM and in vitro culture (IVC) system, antioxidants, vitamins were added to the IVM, IVC medium. Antioxidant supplementation was effective in controlling the production of ROS and it continues to be explored as a potential strategy to overcome mammalian reproductive disorders. Based on these studies, we expect that the use of antioxidants in porcine oocytes could improved maturation and development rates.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제25권12호
• /
• pp.1689-1699
• /
• 2016

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.