• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.15
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• 2023

Cancer immunotherapies continue to face numerous obstacles in the successful treatment of solid malignancies. While immunotherapy has emerged as an extremely effective treatment option for hematologic malignancies, it is largely ineffective against solid tumors due in part to metabolic challenges present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells face fierce competition with cancer cells for limited nutrients. The strong metabolic suppression in the TME often leads to impaired T-cell recruitment to the tumor site and hyporesponsive effector functions via T-cell exhaustion. Growing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a key role in CD8⁺ T-cell activation, migration, effector functions, and persistence in tumors. Therefore, targeting the mitochondrial metabolism of adoptively transferred T cells has the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies in treating solid malignancies.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.286-298
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• 2024

The rapid advancement of drone technology has significantly altered the landscape of modern warfare, presenting both opportunities and challenges for military forces worldwide. As drones become increasingly sophisticated, capable of performing complex missions such as reconnaissance, surveillance, and precision strikes, the development of effective air defense systems has become a critical priority. This study examines the current state of drone and air defense technologies, analyzing their impact on military strategies, tactics, and the future battlefield environment. By exploring the patterns of technological evolution, the limitations of existing air defense systems, and the potential consequences of drone proliferation, this research highlights the need for adaptive, innovative approaches to counter emerging threats. The findings underscore the importance of investing in advanced detection and interception capabilities, developing comprehensive counter-drone doctrines, and fostering international cooperation to address the ethical and legal challenges posed by the military use of drones. As the competition between drone and air defense technologies continues to intensify, policymakers and military leaders must proactively engage in shaping the future of warfare to ensure national security and stability in an increasingly complex world.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.557-564
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• 1996

Based on stem analysis as well as branch analysis data of each tree from 8 plots of circle clear-cutting and 1 biomass plot in Changbai Mountain area, located in Northeast of China, the effective crown form of Changbai larch(Larix olgensis H.) plantation were studied by using the approach of crown curve. The results indicated that the cross-section forms of effective crown were stable and showed approximate circle for different tree size. Because the effective crown was on upper position of the canopy and its form reflects crown architecture under non-competition condition, the architecture is mainly affected by species hereditary feature. Therefore, for the specified species the effective crown form was thought to be relatively stable. The effective crown form of tree was neither related to the tree size within stand nor to the stand condition for different stand. The total effective crown curve of larch plantation could be characterized by using mean effective crown taper.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.335-351
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• 2006

For a library to be run more efficiently, its internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats must be determined for forecasting on the basis of the diagnosis of the internal and external environment and situations, and optimum strategies and measures responsively deducted and utilized. Therefore, I had analyzed the strategic competition of university A's library using SWOT analysis, which has recently been spotlighted as an effective strategic competition analysis method. The conclusions thus obtained are as explained below. Firstly. the strengths of university A's library are the professional qualifications of the employees. work efficiency based on systematic operative plans and division of work load, and provision of high quality service following the establishment of the digital library. Secondly, its weaknesses are the insufficiency and limits of the usable resources, the lack of progressive future operation plans and systems, and the deficiency of a positive service mind. Thirdly, the opportunities are the possibility for new developments in accordance with the digital information environment. reinforcement of the operative efficiency throughout expanding its cooperation with external organizations and other libraries, and its transformation as the local library hub by opening up to the public. Fourthly, the threats are the lack of the school authorities' acknowledgement. and the degradation of the library's status in accordance, the users' various requests for information and advanced professional service according to the rapidly changing information environment. and the restriction of the library service based on the copyright law. Fifthly, as a result of analyzing the strategic competition of university A's library, measures such as the reinforcement of digital service by acquiring digital specialists. provision of extended service through active cooperation with external institutes and libraries. development and provision of differentiated service in accordance with the reinforced copyright law were proposed to improve the library's future competitiveness.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2009

Purpose: We intended to classify the pattern and to seek the cause of fractures and/or dislocations related to middle and high school Taekwondo athletes in competition and try to get the ways for preventing them. Materials and Methods: We studied 50 fractures and dislocations of the athletes in competition, which were surveyed in 2005-2007 national middle and high school Taekwondo tournament annually. We analyzed the type and the cause of the injury, performed survey at postinjury l year in 32 cases, sought proper treatments and methods for prevention. Results: The 26 cases (52%) of foot fracture, 15 cases (30%) of hand fracture and 9 cases (18%) of forearm fracture are occurred in this study. The 9 cases (28%) of satisfaction in treatment, 15 cases (47%) of average and 8 cases (25%) of dissatisfaction are surveyed in the 32 cases. The causes of dissatisfaction are lack of rest (7 cases), excessive training (5 cases), immoderate participation of match (6 cases) and the others. The athletes were returned to the match before complete recovery in 21 cases (67%). Conclusion: The causes of fractures and dislocations in middle and high school Taekwondo athletes were stroke on upper and lower extremities and high-speed hyperflexion injury that was occurred during spraining of great toe on the floor. We consider that the athletes need the development of effective protector, improvement of equipment in stadium and enough rest and education.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3 s.116
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• pp.120-138
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• 2006

A city evolves over time. It grows, transforms, and sometimes degrades. Chuncheon is at a turning point from a city souggling with regulations regarding clean water supply and a military encampment to a masterpiece city with a sustainable vision. The city is getting ready to restructure itself to become a world-famous culture and tourism complex expanding its physical boundary across the Camp Page site and absorbing Jungdo as a major tourist attraction. The landscape in the future blueprint of Chuncheon will play a great role in restructuring urban form. The regenerated in will have a new networked open space system as well as re-evaluated landscape resources. The hybrid theoretical practice called 'landscape urbanism' burgeoning in the fields between 'landscape architecture' and 'urbanism' can guide us in considering the terms of the relationship between a city and landscape when we design a future city Landscape urbanism is considered to be an effective framework by which we can diagnose the current status of a landscape in our contemporary urban design practice in Korea. This paper tries to provide a different perspective from the viewpoint of landscape urbanism to decipher the hidden implications of the social agreement on the role of landscape in urban structure by re-reading eight design proposals presented for the ChunCheon G5 international design competition based on the main principles of landscape urbanism. The G5 design competition is a great opportunity to test out new ideas on a city, demonstrating the relative values among various urban-design professional realms. First, this paper provides an overview of the main ideas of landscape urbanism based on the literature review and case studies. Second, framework categories are suggested in order to extract the explicit and implicit ideas on the landscape. Third, eight proposals are reviewed according to the suggested categories to situate the current landscape design of Korea within the mainstream of contemporary practice of landscape urbanism. Based on the review of eight proposals, the following diagnostic conclusions are made; first, the ideas of landscape urbanism have not been actively introduced in large-scaled urban landscape projects in Korea like Chuncheon G5. Second, it remains to be a big task for landscape professions to be able to participate in design consortiums on an equal footing. Third, In order to introduce and reify the ideas of landscape urbanism in Korea, it is inevitable and critical to test the ideas in both academic fields and professional practices to find the appropriately adjusted model of landscape urbanism.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.77-96
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• 2017

Purpose - This study aims to develop correspondence strategies to the environment change in domestic retail store types. Recently, new types of retails have emerged in retail industries. Therefore, trade area platform has developed focusing on the speed of data, no longer trade area from district border. Besides, 'trade area smart' brings about change in retail types with the development of giga internet. Thus, context shopping is changing the way of consumers' purchase pattern through data capture, technology capability, and algorithm development. For these reasons, the sales estimation model has been shown to be flawed using the notion of former scale and time, and it is necessary to construct a new model. Research design, data, and methodology - This study focuses on measuring retail change in large multi-shopping mall for the outlook for retail industry and competition for trade area with the theoretical background understanding of retail store types and overall domestic retail conditions. The competition among retail store types are strong, whereas the borders among them are fading. There is a greater need to analyze on a new model because sales expectation can be hard to get with business area competition. For comprehensive research, therefore, the research method based on the statistical analysis was excluded, and field survey and literature investigation method were used to identify problems and propose an alternative. In research material, research fidelity has improved with complementing research data related with retail specialists' as well as department stores. Results - This study analyzed trade area survival and its pattern through sales estimation and empirical studies on trade areas. The sales estimation, based on Huff model system, counts the number of households shopping absorption expectation from trade areas. Based on the results, this paper estimated sales scale, and then deducted modified probability model. Conclusions - In times of retail store chain destruction and off-line store reorganization, modified Huff model has problems in estimating sales. Transformation probability model, supplemented by the existing problems, was analyzed to be more effective in competitiveness business condition. This study offers a viable alternative to figure out related trade areas' sale estimation by reconstructing new-modified probability model. As a result, the future task is to enlarge the borders from IT infrastructure with data and evidence based business into DT infrastructure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.236-242
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose an optimized fuzzy controller based on Hierarchical Fair Competition-based Genetic Algorithms (HFCGA) for rotary inverted pendulum system. We adopt fuzzy controller to control the rotary inverted pendulum and the fuzzy rules of the fuzzy controller are designed based on the design methodology of Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller. Simple Genetic Algorithms (SGAs) is well known as optimization algorithms supporting search of a global character. There is a long list of successful usages of GAs reported in different application domains. It should be stressed, however, that GAs could still get trapped in a sub-optimal regions of the search space due to premature convergence. Accordingly the parallel genetic algorithm was developed to eliminate an effect of premature convergence. In particular, as one of diverse types of the PGA, HFCGA has emerged as an effective optimization mechanism for dealing with very large search space. We use HFCGA to optimize the parameter of the fuzzy controller. A comparative analysis between the simulation and the practical experiment demonstrates that the proposed HFCGA based fuzzy controller leads to superb performance in comparison with the conventional LQR controller as well as SGAs based fuzzy controller.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.203-239
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• 2018

Responsible government can be achieved when social cleavages are institutionalized via political competition and social interests are represented by responsible parties. This paper aims to investigate the factors that determine welfare expenditures in Korean local governments by analyzing partisanship and political competition factors simultaneously in the same model. This paper also argues that the relationship between the political factors and welfare expenditures in local governments is not linearly increasing as the previous studies claim. This paper examines the welfare expenditures in Korean municipality-level local governments in 2007, 2011, and 2015. The primary findings are: 1) the partisanship of the head of local government and the party distribution of local assembly members have meaningful effect on the welfare expenditures and the divided governments do not show significantly different effect on welfare expenditures from unified governments, which is contrary to the extant studies, 2) the partisan effects of the head and the local assembly vary according to the levels of municipalities (Gu, Gun, and city), mainly due to the difference in types of revenues and expenditures and 3) the relationship between seats shares of progressive parties in local assembly and the welfare expenditure is not linearly increasing one. The effect of seats shares of progressive parties dramatically begins to increase when the seats shares are in 40%-60%. With these findings, this paper highlights the conservative nature of head of local governments with Hannara party (or Saenuri Party), the conservative leaning of independent candidates, and the conservative orientation of local assemblies in the regions dominated by Democratic Party (and its equivalents).

• Journal of Wellness
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.207-223
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• 2019

The purpose This study aimed at proposing class module elements for creativity and convergence and class models for creativity and convergence by integrating content elements by physical activity field(health, challenge, competition, ) for physical education and STEAM. For this, literature review, focus group interview(FGI) and discussions with experts were conducted, and the following study results have been drawn up: First, concerning the class module elements for creativity and convergence, total 11 class module elements in the health field were suggested including detecting risks by posture analysis and analyzing and designing amount of physical activity. Second, total 7 module elements in the challenge field were deduced such as anticipation of obstacles to target achievement and modeling of effective exercise. There were 17 convergence elements in the competition field including game record analysis and creation of game data storage application. Third, total 9 creativity and convergence module elements in the field include modeling of technology improvement for motion and symbolization for motion records. In addition, class modules related to convergence with engineering in the health field, convergence with technology in the challenge field, convergence with art in the competition field and convergence with art and mathematical symbols were proposed.