• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-40
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• 1972

Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제18권
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• pp.88-123
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• 1975

본 연구는 대맥의 다수확 재배기술 개선의 기초자료를 얻고져 작물시험장(수원) 맥류포장에서 수원18호를 공시하여 1969년부터 1970년까지 2개년간 시비량, 파종기 및 파종량을 달리 하여 이들 처리가 수량 및 수량구성요소에 미치는 영향과 이들의 형성과정을 추구하였으며 또한 수원18호외 7품종을 공시하여 파종기이동에 따른 품종들의 수량 및 수량 구성요소의 변화를 검토한바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수원에서 대맥 수원 18호의 출현이수는 파종기 (9월 21일에서 10월 31일까지)에 따라 8~19일정도 소요되었고 조파할수록 빠른 경향을 보였으며 대체로 지중 5cm의 적산온도가 15$0^{\circ}C$내외면 출현하였다. 2. 파종기에 따른 냉해정도의 차이는 월동기간의 대맥 생육정도와 기상조건의 영향이 크며 월동전 생육이 과도하거나 주간출엽수가 5~6엽에 미달되면 냉해에 약하였다. 3. 주간출엽수는 파종기에 따라 11매로부터 16매까지 변화하지만 대체로 원동전 주간출엽수의 차이가 심하고 원동후 주간출엽수의 차이는 적으며 특히 9월 21일 파종부터 10월 11일 파종까지의 주간출엽수의 차이는 월동전 주간출엽수의 차이에 의하여 나타났다. 4. 월동전 지상부 건물생산량은 조파구에서 많고 만파할수록 적었으나 월동후에는 파종기에 따른 지상부 건물생산량의 차이가 적었으며 생육 재생기부터 출수기까지는 건물생산량이 급증하고 등숙기간에는 증가율이 낮았다. 5. 1$\m^2$당 경수는 대체로 조파한 것이 만파한 것보다, 후파한 것이 박파한 것보다 많았다. 개체당 분얼은 후파할 때는 적고 파종기에 따른 차이는 미미하였으나 박파하였을 때는 파종기에 따른 변이가 컸다. 조파에서는 파종량이 많아 질수록 개체당 분얼수가 현저히 감소되나 만파시에는 파종량의 영향이 적었다. 6. 최고분얼기는 조파할 경우에 일찍 오고 만파할 경우에 늦게 오며 파종량에 따른 차이가 크지는 않았으나 대체로 파종량이 많을수록 빨리 오는 경향이었다. 7. 분얼최성기는 파종기에 관계없이 주간출엽수가 4~6매일 때이었다. 8. 1$\m^2$당수수는 해에 따라 차이가 있으나 시비량이나 파종량이 증가할수록 많아졌으며 시비량과 파종량을 함께 증가할 때에는 수수의 확보가 용이하고 이러한 경향은 특히 적기파종에서 컸다. 또한 많은 수수를 확보하는 데는 적기 파종이 파종량 증가보다 중요하고 만파시에는 파종량을 증가시키는 것이 유리하였다. 9. 품종별 파종기에 따른 1$\m^2$당 수수는 대체로 모든 품종에서 만파할수록 감소되었으나 수원18호, 여기, 항미, 부흥는 수원 004, 수원006 칠보 및 영월 6각보다 만파에 의한 감소율이 적었다. 10. 1$\m^2$당 수수와 1$\m^2$당 경수와의 상관 관계를 보면 9월 21일 파종에서는 출수기부터, 10월 1일 파종에서는 월동전에, 10월 11일 파종부터 10월 31일 파종까지는 전 생육기간에서 대체로 높은 정의 상관이 있었으며 3월 하순부터 4월 상순까지는 어느 파종기에서나 상관정도가 낮았다. 11. 유효경 비율은 파종기 및 파종량에 따라 33~76%까지의 넓은 변이폭을 보였으며 50%정도에서 수량이 가장 높았고 파종량에 따른 변이폭보다 파종기에 따른 변이폭이 컸다. 또한 조파에서 유효경 비율이 낮고 만파일수록 높아 가는 경향이었으며 파종량이 증가하면 유효경 비율이 다소 감소하는 경향이었다. 품종별로는 수원18호, 항미, 여기 및 부흥는 유효경 비율이 높으며 이들 품종들은 만파할 경우의 증가율이 컸고 칠보, 수원004, 수원006, 영월6각은 유효경 비율이 낮고 만파에 의한 증가율도 낮았다. 12. 1수립수는 어느 경우에나 시비량이 증가할수록 증가하였고 파종량이 증가할수록 감소하였으며 파종기에 따라서는 10월 21일(1969), 10월 1일(1970)파종에서 1수립수가 가장 적었으며 이보다 조파하거나 만파할수록 증가하였다. 한편 품종별로는 파종기에 따른 경향이 일정하지 않았다. 13. 천립중은 1$\m^2$당 수수와 1수립수에 비하여 시비량, 파종기 및 파종량 차이에 따른 변이폭이 작았으나 년차변이는 컸으며, 파종량이 증가할수록 천립중은 다소 감소하였다. 품종별로는 차이가 뚜렷하여 부흥과 칠보는 대체로 무거웠고 수원18호, 항미 및 여기는 비교적 가벼웠다. 14. 수원지방의 파종적기는 10월 1일~10월 11일로 인정되었고, 시비량 증가에 따라 수량은 대체로 증가하였으며 조기 파종시의 수량감소를 비료증가로 다소 경감시킬 수 있었다. 15. 파종량 차이에 따른 수량의 변이폭은 시비량이나 파종기차이에 따른 변이폭보다 비교적 적었고, 조파나 소비조건에서는 파종량 차이에 따른 수량 변이가 미미하였다. 또한 파종량은 증가시킬 경우 증비의 효과가 크며 만파시에는 파종량의 증가로 수량의 심한 감소를 보상할 수 있었다. 16. 적정 파종량은 시비량 증감에 따라 다소 차이가 있었으나 10a당 시비량 10.5-6.6kg 수준에서는 10a당 파종량을 18~26$\ell$까지 증가시키는 것이 수량의 안정을 기할 수 있었다. 17. 파종적기는 품종별로 다소 달랐으며, 수원006 수원004 및 부흥은 비교적 조기 파종에서 증수되었고 수원18호, 여기 및 항미는 19월 1일경 파종에서 증수를 보였으며 부흥은 만파 적응성이 높았다. 18. 수량과 수수와는 모든 처리에서 고도의 정상관을 보였는데 시비량이 증가할수록 상관이 높아졌고 파종량이 증가할수록 수량과 수수의 상관은 낮았다. 수량과 1수립수는 대체로 부의 상관을 보였으며 천립중과 수량과는 상관 정도가 낮았다.