• 보건행정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.21-42
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• 2008

This study investigates economies of scale, cost complementarity and economies of scope for healthcare organizations using econometric approaches. The economies of scale appear to exist in each service provided by a hospital such as inpatient treatment services, outpatient treatment services, and other patient treatment services, respectively. When we test all services in aggregate level, it also indicates that the healthcare industry on average exhibits the economies of scale of 6 percent, which implies that scaling up hospital sizes will bring substantial cost savings to them Evidence shows that cost complementarity exists between outpatient services and other services for patients and, i.e., these other services for patients experience the reduction in marginal costs as the outputs of the outpatient services increase. For the economies of scope, they are present in most service areas; aggregate level services, outpatient services, and other services for patients, respectively. Inpatient treatment services, however, do not show any evidence of the economies of scope. Results show that the economies of scope are achieved by the general hospital type that provides all service areas such as inpatient treatments, outpatient treatments, and other services for patients. The existence of the economies of scope provides the rationale for extending the existing line of business in a hospital into more diverse areas of services where its benefit comes in the form of cost savings. In sum, it overall provides evidence that the M&As in this industry are encouraged to achieve cost reductions from the economies of scale and scope by changing the size and the output mix.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.665-680
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• 2016

Theoretically, it is said that economies of scope can be realized in the cropelivestock cycling organic farming. Thus, it is also used as the principle of organic farming. However, it is difficult to find the cases of the empirical analysis of it in Korea. In that sense, this study is meaningful in that it analyzed the agricultural data of case farms of obtaining the approval of both organic agricultural products and organic animal products and practicing cycling farming for 4 years and tested the hypothesis. This study measured economies of scope by using the actual measurement value and estimation value farming performance statistics for 4 years of case farms. This farmhouse conducted nutrient cycling in the farm like self-manufacturing and injecting organic agricultural byproduct and wild grass as organic livestock feed and fermenting organic livestock manure to organic compost to return it 100%. The results can be summarized as follows: According to the result of cycling farming of combining and producing organic agriculture and organic livestock, economies of scope were found to be realized in this case farmhouse. That is, although not strong, EOS>0, there were economies of scope. The measurement value appeared as 0.0722, 0.00378, 0.04667 and 0.13127 in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. It was improved as time passes and the scale gets smaller. Therefore, in order to further improve economies of scope, there should be measures of reducing duplication costs between agriculture-livestock as low as possible and lowering the production cost of organic feed. That is, there is a need for the management strategy to adjust the import function and cost function according to the change in management paradigm and cropping system.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.176-186
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• 2013

본 연구는 최근 빈번하게 진행되고 있는 국내 의료서비스기관들의 대형화 및 집단화 움직임에 대하여 동 산업이 규모 또는 범위의 경제(Economies of Scale and Scope)를 실현할 수 있는지를 전위로그비용함수 추정을 통하여 분석하였다. 추정결과 계수에 따라 다소 차이는 있지만 여타 서비스의 생산수준의 변화에 의해 영향을 받는 특정 서비스 생산의 한계비용을 나타내는 계수들 모두 통계적으로 유의함을 보였다. 추정된 단일생산물 규모의 경제(Single-Product Scale Economy: SSE)계수들 뿐만 아니라 전반적인 약 규모의 경제(Ray Scale Economies: RSE)값 모두 1보다 작은 수치를 나타남으로서 한국 의료서비스기관들의 서비스생산에 규모 경제가 존재함을 보여주었다. 범위의 경제 존재여부의 분석을 위한 상호 서비스생산에 있어서 비용의 상보성 추정에서도 모두 90% 이상의 통계적 유의수준을 보였다. 특히 외래환자와 입원환자 진료서비스 간, 입원환자 진료서비스와 제 증명서발급 및 기타 서비스 활동 간에 있어서는 범위의 경제뿐만 아니라 비용의 상보성이 존재함을 보여주었다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2005

This study addresses the problem of flexible technology acquisition in a multi-product market when demands are uncertain. We confine the concept of flexibility to the ability of manufacturing system to produce a number of different types of products, called a product-mix flexibility type. And an analytical model in which the economies of scope are incorporated explicitly as a feature of flexible technology is presented to find the optimal investment decision to acquire flexible technology and optimal production planning. The characteristics of optimal investment strategy related to capacity and production planning are discussed.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영과학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.229-244
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• 2004

This study addresses the problem of flexible technology acquisition in multi-product market when demands are uncertain. We confine the concept of flexibility to the ability of manufacturing system to produce a number of different types of products, called product-mix flexibility type. And an analytical model in which economies of scope is incorporated explicitly as a feature of flexible technology is presented to find the optimal investment decision to acquire flexible technology and optimal production planning. The characteristics of optimal investment strategy related to capacity and production planning are discussed.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.133-146
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• 1995

WTO system has just begun and the development for fishing industry is being carried out. The task of National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives(NFFC ) is not only to support producers' competitive edge, but also to realize the efficiency embodied in the businesses of NFFC itself. Then it can continue to compete other firms and offer the comprehensive services only when it achieves its efficiency. The efficiency of NFFC is the economies of scale and scope. NFFC should achieve its scale and scope economies to be efficient. NFFC needs to expand its size in fish distribution and banking business to have scale economies. Also, the communication and coordination systems among member-supporting, fish distribution, and banking business need to be strengthened to get its scope economies. It is interesting theoretically and in policy making to test the hypotheses that cooperatives are capable of offering the comprehensive services such as distribution, credit, and insurance to the members. It is meaningful to their development for agricultural and small businesses cooperatives as well as fisheries cooperatives to survive the fierce competition under WTO system. National Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives(NFAC) is much greater in business size than NFFC. The estimation and test in the multiproduct cost function of NFAC will show interesting results.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2004

본 논문은 일반 초월대수 함수형태의 다산출물 총비용함수모형을 이용해 시설부문과 운영부문이 수직적으로 통합된 우리나라 철도산업의 규모 및 범위의 경제성을 분석하였다. 이때 철도청은 노동, 동력 및 유지보수, 차량 및 자본의 세 가지 생산요소를 투입하여 인키로, 톤키로, 승객평균탑승거리, 화물평균운송거리의 네 가지 산출물을 생산하는 기업행태로 상정되었다. 비용함수와 요소비용비중식으로 구성된 연립방정식 체계는 철도청의 26개 연도(1977~2002)별 시계열 자료와 반복결합일반화최소자승법을 사용해 추정되었다. 추정결과 우리나라 철도산업의 생산기슬은 코브-더글라스 특성을 갖지 않으며, 동조적이며 동차적인 특성도 갖지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 우리나라의 철도산업은 여객과 화물운송부문별로 각각 규모의 경제가 존재하고, 두 운송부문간에 상당히 큰 범위의 경제가 존재하며, 전반적으로 대단히 큰 규모의 경제가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 여객과 화물움송부분간에 존재하는 범위의 경제는 연구기간동안 전체 산출량에서 인키로가 차지하는 비율은 점차 증가하였던 반면 승객평균탑승거리는 점차 감소하였으므로 최근으로 올수록 보다 더 커졌으며, 승객평균탑승거리보다 인키로 비율에 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.89-102
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• 2001

본 논문은 초월대수 함수형태의 다수산출물 비용함수모형을 이용해 서울의 시내버스운송업에 대한 규모 및 범위의 경제성을 분석하였다. 시내버스업체는 노동, 자본, 유류 및 정비의 네 가지 생산요소를 투입하여 도시형 버스-km, 좌석버스-km 및 지역순환버스-km의 세 가지 산출물을 생산하는 기업형태로 상정되었다. 비용함수와 요소점유율방정식으로 구성된 방정식체계는 서울의 81개 시내버스업체에 대한 1996년의 자료와 결합일반화최소자승법을 사용해 추정되었다. 추정 결과 서울의 시내버스운송업에는 지역순환버스-km에 대해서만 동조적인 형태의 비용함수가 적합한 것으로 나타났으며, 시내버스업체는 요소가격의 변화에 탄력적으로 대응하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 대부분의 시내버스업체들에서 전반적인 규모의 경제는 작게 존재하는 반면, 산출물별 규모의 경제는 세 산출물 모두에 대해 상당히 크게 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 도시형버스와 좌석버스의 산출물간에는 상당히 큰 범위의 경제가 존재하는 반면, 도시형버스와 지역순환버스의 산출물간에는 상당히 큰 범위의 불경제가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 중소업체들을 버스보유대수가 200대 정도인 업체로 대형화하는 방안이 비용최소화 관점에서 타당함을 시사하고 있다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2022

Background: Limited access to medical services causes problems in patients' health and life. Also, hospital closures cause concentration towards general hospitals, which leads to worsening National Health Insurance finance. Therefore, hospital closure is an important topic to be analyzed. Methods: This paper analyzed the factors that affect hospital closures using survival analysis with the data of 970 hospitals opened between 2010 and 2019 in Korea. The number of medical personnel, hospital rooms, sickbeds, and medical departments were used as explanatory variables. Results: The number of medical personnel and hospital rooms increased the survival probability while the number of sickbeds and medical departments decrease the survival probability. Conclusion: The results suggest that hospitals have economies of scale and diseconomies of scope in management.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.57-72
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• 2018

Organic agriculture seeks sustainable agriculture. Organic agriculture is based on circulating agriculture of a family farm unit. However, as of the end of 2016, only 33 out of the total organic farming farms were implementing Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming. The reason seems to be a matter of income after all. The optimal size combination refers to the scale by which family farms can maintain their quality of life while engaging in farming activities. In other words. it is a farm scale that maintains optimal income through stable labor costs. In the meantime, there has been no previous study on the optimal economical combination of Crop-Livestock cycling farming. Choi (2016) analyzed whether the economies of scope (EOS) were realized in the combined production by using the management data of the farmers who practiced Crop-Livestock cycling organic farming for four years. As a result, it has been revealed that the EOS measurement value is 0 or more so the economies of scope are being realized. Therefore, the purpose of this empirical analysis is to identify farm incomes under this circumstance. It is assumed that the optimum production is achieved by balancing the total income curve and the total cost curve in the optimal scale production range. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the income after the conversion to Crop-Livestock cycling farming was 44,789,280 won, the sum of the seedling-livestock sector, which was 17,873,120 won higher when the non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming was assumed. The same is true for 2014 and 2015. The reason for this is that pig droppings were composted from organic seedlings, and the cost of selling pork was 150,000 won/per pig more expensive even though the manufacturing cost of organic feeds was higher than the purchasing cost. Secondly, this study simulated the result that the economic index varies when the farm size combination is changed by the farm size of 100% standard (S100) as of 2014. S130 is the increase in size from 100% of 2014, whereas S30 is the result of 3ha crop and 66 livestock (pigs). As a result of this simulation, Crop-Livestock cycling farming income decreased more than non-Crop-Livestock cycling farming as the farm size decreased, whereas the income decreased as the farm size increased. When the size was reduced below S50, the income tended to decrease. In this situation, EOS changed in the same direction. The results showed that when the farming size was reorganized and reduced to 50% compared to 2014, the income and income difference was the highest. At the same time, economies of scope (EOS) were the highest at 0.12985. In other words, it was found that the income of farm houses in a family farm unit sector was the best in the combination of 1.5ha crop agriculture and 110 livestock (pigs).