• 벤처창업연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2023

본 연구는 조직의 전략적 의사결정 및 행동경향으로 사회적기업의 고유한 기업가적 행동 속성을 식별하여 영리기업과 구별되는 사회적기업가정신 모형을 도출하고 이를 설명하는 사회적기업가정신 프레임워크를 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구의 목적을 효과적으로 달성하기 위하여 선행연구를 검토하고 이를 토대로 근거이론방법으로 질적연구를 수행하였다. 일련의 분석과정을 통하여 '사회적기업가정신: 사회적가치지향성; 혁신성; 진취성; 위험감수성; 협력지향성' 모형을 새롭게 제안하고 식별된 하위요인들 간의 관계성을 고찰하여 모형을 통합적으로 설명하는 '사회적기업가정신 프레임워크'를 개발하였다. 프레임워크는 사회적기업가정신을 '친사회적 동기(Pro-social motivation)', '친사회적 행동(Pro-social behavior)', '기업가적 행동(Entrepreneurial behavior)' 속성으로 구분하고 이를 사회적기업가정신 모형을 구성하는 각 하위요인들과 연결하여 설명하였다. 본 연구가 선행연구와 구별되는 가장 두드러진 차별성은 조직차원의 행동적 관점에서 사회적기업가정신을 구성하는 하위요인으로 '협력 지향성(Cooperation orientation)'을 식별하여 추가한 부분이다. 연구를 통해 사회적·경제적 목적을 동시에 추구하는 사회적기업의 독특한 특성인 하이브리디티(Hybridity)와 이로 인한 자원 제약 환경 속에서, 외부와의 협력을 통해 자원 제약의 어려움을 극복하고, 운영의 효율을 향상시키며, 조직의 친사회적 동기를 구체화하는 사회적기업의 주요한 행동경향인 '협력지향성'을 식별하였다. 협력지향성은 사회적 가치지향 활동과 영리를 추구하는 기업가적 활동에서 동시에 발현되는 사회적기업의 차별적 행동경향으로, 친사회적 동기를 구체화하며 동시에 기업가적 영리활동을 수행하는 사회적기업의 이중정체성(Dual identity) 갈등 사이에서 기업 활동의 합법성을 강화하고 사회적 가치창출 활동의 성과를 향상시키며 기업 활동의 경제적 기반을 강화한다. 본 연구에서 새롭게 식별된 협력지향성은 선행연구를 보완하여 사회적기업가정신 이론의 설명력을 높이고 후속 연구자들에게 이론적 확장의 근거와 토대를 제공한다.

• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.69-94
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• 2001

본 논문의 목적은 일본에서의 기록관리학 교육의 현황을 개관하고, 몇 가지 중요한 이슈와 문제점을 언급하면서 이 분야의 급속한 성장의 영향을 살펴보는 것이다. 기록관리학 교육의 목적은 정보서비스의 질을 향상시키고 정보전문가의 적절한 공급을 보장하는 것이다. 기록관리학프로그램은 학생들에게 전문직업 교육을 하는 것이므로 교육과정에는 교육과 실무 훈련이 모두 포함되어야 한다. 이점은 흔히 이론과 실제의 대비로 표현된다. 학습이 이루어지는 환경의 사회적, 경제적 및 기술적 현실의 합류점이 양자에게 모두 영향을 준다. 본 논문은 일본에서의 기록관리학 교육의 역사적 배경과 현황을 검토한다. 또한 교육기관들의 다양한 형태의 교과과정과 교수진을 분석하되 일본 최초의 종합적인 대학 수준 프로그램인 스루가다이대학교의 학부프로그램에 초점을 둔다. 스루가다이대학교 문화정보학부는 정보학 분야를 통합한 새로운 학부로서 다양한 문화정보자원관리의 이론과 실제를 연구하기 위해 1994년도에 설립되었다. 그 목적은 archival science, records management, 박물관 학예직 및 사서직 분야에서 전문적 훈련을 제공함으로써 정보학 분야의 연구를 촉진하고 장려하는 것이다. 학부에는 두 개의 학과가 있고 각각에는 두 개의 코스가 있다; 문화정보학과. - 영상정보코스, - 관광정보코스 지식정보학과: 지식커뮤니케이션코스, 레코드 아카이브스코스 전체 교과과정의 구조는 역시 기본과목 교육부터 단계적으로 조직된다. 학생이 대학교에 입학하면 바로 수강하는 오리엔테이션과목들은 전문교육의 입문이 되며, 대학에서의 기본적인 학습 연구방법을 배운다. 1학년과 2학년 동안 학생들은 전문화를 위한 필수단계로서 기초과목과 기간과목들을 수강한다. 이를 위해 광범위한 주제의 과목들이 개설된다. 개설코스수는 약 150개에 이른다.3학년부터는 자신의 주전공이 해당하는 특정 코스를 시작하며 세미나와 실습을 통해 습득한 지식을 실제에 적용하게 된다. 각 학과에 속한 코스들은 2학년을 시작하는 학생들에게 개설된다. 그러나 두 학과 간에 넘을 수 없는 장벽은 없으며 졸업필요요건에 약간의 차이만 있을 뿐이다. 학생들은 자신이 속한 학과에 관계없이 3 4학년 세미나를 선택할 수 있다. 문헌정보학 학사학위를 받으려면 기초과목군(예: 문헌정보사회사, 문화인류학, 과학사, 행동과학, 커뮤니케이션 등)에서 34학점, 외국어에서 16학점(영어 10학점 포함), 정보처리에서 14학점(이론과 실습 포함), 그리고 자신의 전공코스에서 60학점을 취득해야 한다. 마지막으로 일본 기록관리학교육이 당면하고 있는 몇 가지 과제와 문제점을 아래와 같이 간단히 요약한다. - 관련 분야 및 유사 프로그램과의 결합 및 조화, - 교과과정 개선, - 교과서 부족, - 유능한 교수의 부족, - 졸업생의 취업문제 정보서비스가 점점 더 복합, 통합, 멀티미디어어화 되어감에 따라 정보전문직들은 다른 분야의 전문가들과 더욱 긴밀하게 협력할 필요가 있을 것이다. 아키비스트, 레코드메니저 및 박물관 큐레이터와 함께 일하는 것이 정보전문직으로서의 사서직의 생존에 필수적이 될 것이다. 더욱 정보화되는 사회에서 변화를 견뎌내려면 문화기관 내 모든 사람들의 강력한 연대가 요구된다. 미래의 동료들이 경쟁력을 갖게 하기 위해서는 정보전문직 간에 그리고 국경을 넘어서 파트너쉽을 구축하고 강화할 필요가 있을 것이다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제1호
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• pp.371-408
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• 1997

This article is the reserch on actual condition of crime of arson which occurs in Korea and its countermeasures. The the presented problem in this article are that (1) we have generally very low rate concern about the crime of arson contrary to realistic problems of rapid increase of crime of arson (2) as such criminal motives became so diverse as to the economic or criminal purpose unlike characteristic and mental deficiency of old days, and to countermeasure these problems effectively it presentation the necessity of systemantic research. Based on analysis of reality of arson, the tendency of this arson in Korea in the ratio of increase is said to be higher than those in violence crime or general fire rate. and further its rate is far more greater than those of the U.S.A. and Japan. Arson is considered to be a method of using fire as crime and in case of presently residence to be the abject, it is a public offense crime which aqccompany fatality in human life. This is the well It now fact to all of us. And further in order to presentation to the crime of arson, strictness of criminal law (criminal law No, 164 and 169, and fire protection law No. 110 and 111) and classification of arsonist as felony are institutionary reinforced to punish with certainty of possibility, Therefore, as tendency of arson has been increased compared to other nations, it is necessary to supplement strategical policy to bring out overall concerns of the seriousness of risk and damage of arson, which have been resulted from the lack of understanding. In characteristics analysis of crime of arson, (1) It is now reveald that, in the past such crime rate appeared far more within the boundary of town or city areas in the past, presently increased rate of arsons in rural areas are far more than in the town or small city areas, thereby showing characteristics of crime of arson extending nation wide. (2) general timetable of arson shows that night more than day time rate, and reveald that is trait behavior in secrecy.(3) arsonists are usually arrested at site or by victim or report of third person(82,9%).Investigation activities or self surrenders rate only 11.2%. The time span of arrest is normally the same day of arson and at times it takes more than one year to arrest. This reveals its necessity to prepare for long period of time for arrest, (4) age rate of arson is in their thirties mostly as compared to homicide, robbery and adultery, and considerable numbers of arsons are in old age of over fifties. It reveals age rate is increased (5) Over half of the arsonists are below the junior high school (6) the rate of convicts by thier records is based on first offenders primarily and secondly more than 4 time convicts. This apparently shows necessity of effective correctional education policy for their social assimilation together with re-investigation of human education at the primary and secondary education system in thier life. The examples of motivation for arosnits, such as personal animosity, fury, monetary swindle, luscious purpose and other aims of destroying of proof, and other social resistance, violence including ways of threatening, beside the motives of individual defects, are diverse and arsonic suicide and specifically suicidal accompany together keenly manifested. When we take this fact with the criminal theory, it really reveals arsons of crime are increasing and its casualities are serious and a point as a way of suicide is the anomie theory of Durkheim and comensurate with the theory of that of Merton, Specifically in the arson of industrial complex, it is revealed that one with revolutionary motive or revolting motive would do the arsonic act. For the policy of prevention of arsons, professional research work in organizational cooperation for preventive activities is conducted in municipal or city wise functions in the name of Parson Taskforces and beside a variety of research institutes in federal government have been operating effectively to countermeasure in many fields of research. Franch and Sweden beside the U.S. set up a overall operation of fire prevention research funtions and have obtained very successful result. Japan also put their research likewise for countermeasure. In this research as a way of preventive fire policy, first, it is necessary to accomodate the legal preventitive activities for fire prevention in judicial side and as an administrative side, (1) precise statistic management of crime of arson (2) establishment of professional research functions or a corporate (3) improvement of system for cooperative structural team for investigation of fires and menpower organization of professional members. Secondly, social mentality in individual prospect, recognition of fires by arson and youth education of such effect, educational program for development and practical promotion. Thirdly, in view of environmental side, the ways of actual performance by programming with the establishment of cooperative advancement in local social function elements with administrative office, habitants, school facilities and newspapers measures (2) establishment of personal protection where weak menpowers are displayed in special fire prevention measures. These measures are presented for prevention of crime of arson. The control of crime and prevention shall be prepared as a means of self defence by the principle of self responsibility Specifically arsonists usually aims at the comparatively weak control of fire prevention is prevalent and it is therefore necessary to prepare individual facilities with their spontaneous management of fire prevention instead of public municipal funtures of local geverment. As Clifford L. Karchmer asserted instead of concerns about who would commit arson, what portion of area would be the target of the arson. It is effective to minister spontaveously the fire prevention measure in his facility with the consideration of characteristics of arson. On the other hand, it is necessary for the concerned personnel of local goverment and groups to distribute to the local society in timely manner for new information about the fire prevention, thus contribute to effective result of fire prevention result. In consideration of these factors, it is inevitable to never let coincide with the phemonemon of arsons in similar or mimic features as recognized that these could prevail just an epedemic as a strong imitational attitude. In processing of policy to encounter these problems, it is necessary to place priority of city policy to enhancement of overall concerns toward the definitive essense of crime of arson.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제52호
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• pp.393-424
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• 2017

본 연구는 한국 청소년의 유교적 가치관과 시민윤리의식의 관계를 분석하고, 인성론에 입각한 시민윤리의식을 전망함으로서 교육적 방안을 제시하고자, 실증연구방법을 진행하였다. 실증연구에서는 청소년 대상으로 한 설문조사자료에 의하여 통계분석 및 논의를 거쳐 연구목적을 달성하였다. 실증연구 부분에서는 한국 청소년의 유교적 가치관에 대한 인식과, 그에 따른 시민윤리의식과의 관계를 분석하였다. 유교사상의 가치관이 시민윤리의식에 미치는 영향과 관계를 분석함으로서, 청소년들의 유교사상에 대한 수용성과 시민윤리적 유용성을 평가하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 서울, 경기에 소재한 중 고등학교에 재학 중인 남녀 학생 311부의 자료가 실제분석에 사용되었다. 첫째, 본 연구에서 분석하고자 하는 청소년의 유교적가치관 및 시민윤리의식의 수준과 응답경향을 알아보기 위해 기술통계분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과, 조사대상자들의 유교적가치관에서 세계관 M=3.54, 인간관계관 M=3.66, 도덕함양 M=3.76, 사회질서 M=3.45로 모두 3.0점 이상의 긍정적인 수준을 보였으며, 특히 도덕함양에서 가장 우수한 점수를 나타내었고, 유교적 가치를 사회질서의 기준으로 생각하는 사회질서 요인은 다소 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 연구대상 청소년의 개인적인 특성에 따른 유교적가치관 하위변인 및 전체 지각 차이를 검증한 결과, 성별에 따라 도덕함양에서 여학생(M=3.85)이 남학생(M=3.64)보다 높게 나타났으며, 가정의 주관적 경제수준에 따라 세계관에서 상위층(M=3.98)이 중하위층(M=3.25), 하위층(M=3.22)보다 높게, 인간관계관에서 중상위층(M=3.79)이 하위층(M=3.46)보다 높게 나타났다. 그리고 가족구성형태에 따라 도덕함양에서 확대가족(M=3.83)이 핵가족(M=3.62)보다 높게, 사회질서에서 확대가족(M=3.54)이 핵가족(M=3.36)보다 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 청소년의 유교적가치관이 시민윤리의식에 미치는 영향을 밝히기 위한 연구문제 검증을 위해, 다중회귀분석의 다층모형을 이용한 위계적 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 그 결과, 유교적 가치관은 인간관계관(${\beta}=.499$), 세계관(${\beta}=.412$), 사회질서(${\beta}=.341$), 도덕함양(${\beta}=.241$) 순으로 시민윤리의식 전체와 유의한 정(+)의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 유교적 가치관은 도덕함양(${\beta}=.458$), 인간관계관(${\beta}=.454$), 사회질서(${\beta}=.362$), 세계관(${\beta}=.158$) 순으로 자율성과 유의한 정(+)의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났고, 유교적 가치관은 인간관계관(${\beta}=.295$), 사회질서(${\beta}=.281$), 도덕함양(${\beta}=.232$) 순으로 공동체의식과 유의한 정(+)의 관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 청소년의 유교적 가치관은 시민윤리의식에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 유교적 가치관이 높을수록 시민윤리의식도 긍정적임을 알 수 있어, 결국 유교적 가치관이 현대사회 시민윤리의식에 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 한 구체적인 방안으로서, 본 연구에서는 인성론에 입각한 시민윤리의식 교육의 필요성 및 가능성을 언급하였으며, 이를 위해 인(仁)의 인간존중 사상, 이상적 인간상으로서 군자, 바람직한 사회이상 대동사회를 통한 유교윤리와 현대사회 시민윤리의식의 접점을 찾아야 함을 제안하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.337-349
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• 1992

The Tertiary basins in Korea have widely been studied by numerous researchers producing individual results in sedimentology, paleontology, stratigraphy, volcanic petrology and structural geology, but interdisciplinary studies, inter-basin analysis and basin-forming process have not been carried out yet. Major work of this study is to elucidate evidences obtained from different parts of a basin as well as different Tertiary basins (Pohang, Changgi, Eoil, Haseo and Ulsan basins) in order to build up the correlation between the basins, and an overall picture of the basin architecture and evolution in Korea. According to the paleontologic evidences the geologic age of the Pohang marine basin is dated to be late Lower Miocence to Middle Miocene, whereas other non-marine basins are older as being either Early Miocene or Oligocene(Lee, 1975, 1978: Bong, 1984: Chun, 1982: Choi et al., 1984: Yun et al., 1990: Yoon, 1982). However, detailed ages of the Tertiary sediments, and their correlations in a basin and between basins are still controversial, since the basins are separated from each other, sedimentary sequence is disturbed and intruded by voncanic rocks, and non-marine sediments are not fossiliferous to be correlated. Therefore, in this work radiometric, magnetostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic data was integrated for the refinement of chronostratigraphy and synopsis of stratigraphy of Tertiary basins of Korea. A total of 21 samples including 10 basaltic, 2 porphyritic, and 9 andesitic rocks from 4 basins were collected for the K-Ar dating of whole rock method. The obtained age can be grouped as follows: $14.8{\pm}0.4{\sim}15.2{\pm}0.4Ma$, $19.9{\pm}0.5{\sim}22.1{\pm}0.7Ma$, $18.0{\pm}1.1{\sim}20.4+0.5Ma$, and $14.6{\pm}0.7{\sim}21.1{\pm}0.5Ma$. Stratigraphically they mostly fall into the range of Lower Miocene to Mid Miocene. The oldest volcanic rock recorded is a basalt (911213-6) with the age of $22.05{\pm}0.67Ma$ near Sangjeong-ri in the Changgi (or Janggi) basin and presumed to be formed in the Early Miocene, when Changgi Conglomerate began to deposit. The youngest one (911214-9) is a basalt of $14.64{\pm}0.66Ma$ in the Haseo basin. This means the intrusive and extrusive rocks are not a product of sudden voncanic activity of short duration as previously accepted but of successive processes lasting relatively long period of 8 or 9 Ma. The radiometric age of the volcanic rocks is not randomly distributed but varies systematically with basins and localities. It becomes generlly younger to the south, namely from the Changgi basin to the Haseo basin. The rocks in the Changgi basin are dated to be from $19.92{\pm}0.47$ to $22.05{\pm}0.67Ma$. With exception of only one locality in the Geumgwangdong they all formed before 20 Ma B.P. The Eoil basalt by Tateiwa in the Eoil basin are dated to be from $20.44{\pm}0.47$ to $18.35{\pm}0.62Ma$ and they are younger than those in the Changgi basin by 2~4 Ma. Specifically, basaltic rocks in the sedimentary and voncanic sequences of the Eoil basin can be well compared to the sequence of associated sedimentary rocks. Generally they become younger to the stratigraphically upper part. Among the basin, the Haseo basin is characterized by the youngest volcanic rocks. The basalt (911214-7) which crops out in Jeongja-ri, Gangdong-myon, Ulsan-gun is $16.22{\pm}0.75Ma$ and the other one (911214-9) in coastal area, Jujon-dong, Ulsan is $14.64{\pm}0.66Ma$ old. The radiometric data are positively collaborated with the results of paleomagnetic study, pull-apart basin model and East Sea spreading theory. Especially, the successively changing age of Eoil basalts are in accordance with successively changing degree of rotation. In detail, following results are discussed. Firstly, the porphyritic rocks previously known as Cretaceous basement (911213-2, 911214-1) show the age of $43.73{\pm}1.05$ 및 $49.58{\pm}1.13Ma$(Eocene) confirms the results of Jin et al. (1988). This means sequential volcanic activity from Cretaceous up to Lower Tertiary. Secondly, intrusive andesitic rocks in the Pohang basin, which are dated to be $21.8{\pm}2.8Ma$ (Jin et al., 1988) are found out to be 15 Ma old in coincindence with the age of host strata of 16.5 Ma. Thirdly, The Quaternary basalt (911213-5 and 911213-6) of Tateiwa(1924) is not homogeneous regarding formation age and petrological characteristics. The basalt in the Changgi basin show the age of $19.92{\pm}0.47$ and $22.05{\pm}0.67$ (Miocene). The basalt (911213-8) in Sangjond-ri, which intruded Nultaeri Trachytic Tuff is dated to be $20.55{\pm}0.50Ma$, which means Changgi Group is older than this age. The Yeonil Basalt, which Tateiwa described as Quaternary one shows different age ranging from Lower Miocene to Upper Miocene(cf. Jin et al., 1988: sample no. 93-33: $10.20{\pm}0.30Ma$). Therefore, the Yeonil Quarterary basalt should be revised and divided into different geologic epochs. Fourthly, Yeonil basalt of Tateiwa (1926) in the Eoil basin is correlated to the Yeonil basalt in the Changgi basin. Yoon (1989) intergrated both basalts as Eoil basaltic andesitic volcanic rocks or Eoil basalt (Yoon et al., 1991), and placed uppermost unit of the Changgi Group. As mentioned above the so-called Quarternary basalt in the Eoil basin are not extruded or intruaed simultaneously, but differentiatedly (14 Ma~25 Ma) so that they can not be classified as one unit. Fifthly, the Yongdong-ri formation of the Pomgogri Group is intruded by the Eoil basalt (911214-3) of 18.35~0.62 Ma age. Therefore, the deposition of the Pomgogri Group is completed before this age. Referring petrological characteristics, occurences, paleomagnetic data, and relationship to other Eoil basalts, it is most provable that this basalt is younger than two others. That means the Pomgogri Group is underlain by the Changgi Group. Sixthly, mineral composition of the basalts and andesitic rocks from the 4 basins show different ground mass and phenocryst. In volcanic rocks in the Pohang basin, phenocrysts are pyroxene and a small amount of biotite. Those of the Changgi basin is predominant by Labradorite, in the Eoil by bytownite-anorthite and a small amount pyroxene.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.83-110
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• 2010

기업의 서비스 실패로 인해 부정적 경험을 겪은 고객은 무의식적으로 그 원인의 추론을 통해 실망이나 후회의 부정적 감정을 얻게 되는데 이때 고객의 자기조절성향에 따른 감정의 발생은 각기 달리 나타나며, 이때 형성된 부정적 감정들은 서로 다른 고객반응을 일으키게 된다. 이러한 부정적 반응은 기업의 이미지 및 브랜드 가치에도 적지 않은 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 장기적으로는 기업 매출에도 부정적 영향을 미치며 서비스 회복 노력에 따른 추가적 비용도 발생하게 된다. 본 연구는 서비스 영역에서 서비스 실패에 따른 고객의 부정적 감정의 선행요인 및 그 결과변수인 고객반응에 초점을 두고 있다. 즉 서비스 실패 시 자기조절성향(평가지향성과 목표지향성)이 부정적 감정에 미치는 영향과 이때 귀인과정(내적귀인 vs 외적귀인)에 따른 고객의 부정적 감정(후회감과 실망감)의 차이를 살펴보았다. 그리고 이러한 부정적 감정들이 체념과 구전활동이라고 하는 고객 행동반응에 미치는 영향을 실증분석하였다. 분석결과, 자기조절성향에 따른 후회감의 차이는 목표 지향적 성향이 강한 고객보다는 평가지향적 성향이 강한 고객일수록 후회감이 더 크고 반대로 목표지향적 성향이 강한 고객은 실망감이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 고객의 부정적 감정들은 귀인과정의 조절적 역할(내적귀인-후회감, 외적귀인-실망감)에 따라 서로 다른 감정이 형성되는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 후회감과 실망감은 소비자의 서비스 실패 후 행동반응에 상이한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데 본인의 의사결정에 따른 선택에 대해 후회감을 느낀 고객은 체념적 반응이 높게 나타났으며 반면에 실망감을 느낀 고객은 서비스 제공자나 제3자에 대한 구전행동이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.112-132
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• 1975

When Korean family planning services began as a part of the National Policy in 1962, the annual population growth was 3.0%. This growth rate has been decreased to 2.0% during last ten year period. And it seems imperative that all hospitals, as well as related organizations, should participate in family planning in order to contribute to achieving the National goal of 1.5% population growth by 1976, the end of the Third Five Year Economic Development Plan. Nurses should be considered the most important human resources in charge of the core of family planning services in any setting. For the family planning services in the general hospital setting, nurses as a core members contribute much as change agent, motivators, counsellors, educators etc. A nurse can work with patients and their relatives when she is equipped with relevant knowledge and skills. Fur the more family planning cannot be ignored even in hospital setting where more comprehensive nursing care is needed Thus, the general objective of this study is to provide baseline data for better programming of In-service education in family planning so that effective hospital family planning nursing services can be made a part of comprehensive nursing care contributing to the national population program and human welfare. In order to meet the general objective, this study has the following specific objectives : 1. To find out the general characteristics of the clinical nurses working in Y Hospital 2. To evaluate their attitudes and practices of family planning 3. To assess their knowledge, attitudes and practices of population and family planning as professional nurses. 4. To examine and compare data collecting methods for the planning of an In-service Educational Program 5. To explore the contents to be included in this In-service Education Program. The study population randomly selected one hundred nurses working in Y Hospital A cross-sectional survey with questionnaires developed for this study was chosen for the study method. To collect reliable data, the questionnaires were distributed to and answered by the study population in a controlled situation. X²test and t-test was employed in analyzing the data. The findings of this study are as follows: 1. Y Hospital nurses had a lower ideal number of children (X=2.02) and showed no strong preference for male children, and 74% of them expressed the desire to use permanent methods of birth control 2. of this thirty Y Hospital nurses who were married 66.7% stated they were already practicing contraceptive methods. Most of them preferred male methods of contraception. 3. According to objective evaluation about knowledge of various aspects of population and family planning, respondents from collegiate programs significantly knew better the subjects on the average than did respondents from diploma programs of nursing. 4. There was a marked difference in the results of self-evaluation and objective evaluation in their family planning knowledge. It was found that the self-evaluation family planning knowledge seemed to be unreliable. Accordingly, the objective test methods appeared to be more reliable in the evaluation of knowledge levels. 5. The subject areas needed to be included in In-service education for the Hospital family planning services in Y Hospital are 1) rhythm methods, 2) tubal-legation, 3) family planning effects of contraceptives, 4) population growth, 5) demographic traction, 6) population structure and 7) infant mortality facts. In addition, 1) various oral contraceptives, 2) basal temperature method, 3) laparoscopic female sterilization, 4) interfering factors of family planning, 5) anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive organs were additional areas to be taught to respondents from 3-year diploma schools of nursing. Demographic transition was one subject area in which the four-year graduates need further study. 6. Population problems guidance and counselling in family planning instruction in the theory and practice of contraceptives should be included in future In-service Education Programs in order to provide more effective hospital Family Planning Services, stated 77.0% of the respondents.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.122-136
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• 2000

Chronic illness requiring attention and management during a long period of time puts great burden onto patients, their family and society. For patients with chronic illnesses, providing social support is the most important, and the fundamental support comes from their spouses. Amount and quality of support from spouses seems to differentiated according to the sex of patients. Female patients tend to believe that their spouses are not very supportive. Therefore, the researchers assessed the burden of husbands of female arthritis patients to discover the factors that result in greater burden. Also, they developed a theoretical model of husbands′ care for their wives through a qualitative research into husbands′ experience. Method 1: The study material was 650 female arthritis patients registered in an arthritis clinic. The questionnaire about the disease experience of female arthritis patients and the burden of husbands were sent. Returned questionnaires numbered 210(32.3%) and 27 were excluded because of inadequate answers. The remaining 183 questionnaires were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 51 years and the mean age of spouses was 55 years. The mean marital period was 28 years. The average duration since diagnosis was 9.1 years. Education level was varied from primary school to graduate school, and average income/month was 1,517,300 won. Method 2: Initial questionnaire studies on the burden of husbands were performed. Among 183 responding husbands, 23 consented to participate for a qualitative research. Data was obtained by direct and telephone interviews. The mean age of participants was 58 years, and the educational level and socioeconomic status also varied. Result: 1. Husbands′ burden: The average burden was 57.68 with a range of 6-96. 2. Burden and general characteristics: The husband′s burden correlated with the age of the patients, numbers in the family, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and the husband′s understanding of the level of severity. 3. Linear correlation analysis on burden: The husbands′ burden is explained in 22.5% by husband′s recognition of level of severity and husbands′ age. 4. There were four patterns of the burden on husbands: both objectve burden and subjective burden were high(pattern I), both of objectve burden and subjective burden were low(pattern II), objective burden was high but subjective burden was low(pattern III), objective burden was low but subjective burden was high(pattern IV). The pattern was correlated with the family income, educational level of the patients and their husbands, therapy methods, patient′s level of discomfort, patient′s disease severity, patient′s level of dependence and husband′s understanding of level of severity. 5. The core category of the caring experience of the husbands with arthritis patients was "companionship". The causal factor was the patients′ experience due to symptoms : physical disfigurement, pain, immobility, limitation of house chores, and limitation of social activities. Contextural factors are husbands′ identification of housework and husbands′ concern about the disease. The mediating factors are economic problems, fear of aging, feeling of limitation and family support. The strategy for interaction is mind control and how to solve emotional stress. The "companionship" resulted from caring activities, participation of household activities, helping patients′ to coping with emotional experience. 6. Companionship is established through the process of entering intervention, and caring state of mind. Entering intervention is the phase of participation of therapy and involvement of houseworks. The caring phase consists of decision on therapy, providing therapy, providing direct care, and taking over the household role of wife. Through caring phase, the changing phase set a stage in which husbands consolidate the relationship with their wives, and are reminded of the meaning of marriage. As a result, in changing phase, husbands′ companionship is enhanced. In conclusion, nursing care of chronic illnesses should include a family member especially the spouse. All information on disease shoud be provided to patients and whole family member. Strong support should also be provided to overcome difficulties in taking over role of other sex. Then the quality of life of patients and families will be much improved.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.41-74
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• 2007

In Korea, corporate merger activities were activated since 1980, and nowadays(particuarly since 1986) the changes in domestic and international economic circumstances have made corporate managers have strong interests in merger. Korea and America have different business environments and it is easily conceivable that there exists many differences in motives, methods, and effects of mergers between the two countries. According to recent studies on takeover bids in America, takeover bids have information effects, tax implications, and co-insurance effects, and the form of payment(cash versus securities), the relative size of target and bidder, the leverage effect, Tobin's q, number of bidders(single versus multiple bidder), the time period (before 1968, 1968-1980, 1981 and later), and the target firm reaction (hostile versus friendly) are important determinants of the magnitude of takeover gains and their distribution between targets and bidders at the announcement of takeover bids. This study examines the theory of takeover bids, the status quo and problems of merger in Korea, and then investigates how the announcement of merger are reflected in common stock returns of bidding firms, finally explores empirically the factors influencing abnormal returns of bidding firms' stock price. The hypotheses of this study are as follows ; Shareholders of bidding firms benefit from mergers. And common stock returns of bidding firms at the announcement of takeover bids, shows significant differences according to the condition of the ratio of target size relative to bidding firm, whether the target being a member of the conglomerate to which bidding firm belongs, whether the target being a listed company, the time period(before 1986, 1986, and later), the number of bidding firm's stock in exchange for a stock of the target, whether the merger being a horizontal and vertical merger or a conglomerate merger, and the ratios of debt to equity capital of target and bidding firm. The data analyzed in this study were drawn from public announcements of proposals to acquire a target firm by means of merger. The sample contains all bidding firms which were listed in the stock market and also engaged in successful mergers in the period 1980 through 1992 for which there are daily stock returns. A merger bid was considered successful if it resulted in a completed merger and the target firm disappeared as a separate entity. The final sample contains 113 acquiring firms. The research hypotheses examined in this study are tested by applying an event-type methodology similar to that described in Dodd and Warner. The ordinary-least-squares coefficients of the market-model regression were estimated over the period t=-135 to t=-16 relative to the date of the proposal's initial announcement, t=0. Daily abnormal common stock returns were calculated for each firm i over the interval t=-15 to t=+15. A daily average abnormal return(AR) for each day t was computed. Average cumulative abnormal returns($CART_{T_1,T_2}$) were also derived by summing the $AR_t's$ over various intervals. The expected values of $AR_t$ and $CART_{T_1,T_2}$ are zero in the absence of abnormal performance. The test statistics of $AR_t$ and $CAR_{T_1,T_2}$ are based on the average standardized abnormal return($ASAR_t$) and the average standardized cumulative abnormal return ($ASCAR_{T_1,T_2}$), respectively. Assuming that the individual abnormal returns are normal and independent across t and across securities, the statistics $Z_t$ and $Z_{T_1,T_2}$ which follow a unit-normal distribution(Dodd and Warner), are used to test the hypotheses that the average standardized abnormal returns and the average cumulative standardized abnormal returns equal zero.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제13호
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• pp.73-95
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• 2012

In terms of element and process, art today has already been fully systemized, yet tends to become even more systemized. All phases of creation and exhibition, appreciation and education, promotion and marketing are planned, adjusted, and decided within the order of a globalized, networked system. Each phase is executed, depending on the system of management and control and diverse means corresponding to the system. From the step of education, artists are guided to determine their styles and not be motivated by their desire to become star artists or running counter to mainstream tendency and fashion. In the process of planning an exhibition, the level of artist awareness is considered more significant than work quality. It is impossible to avoid such systems and institutions today. No one can escape or be freed from the influence of such system. This discussion addresses a serious distortion in the selection system as part of the system connotatively called "art museum system," especially to evaluate artistic achievement and aesthetic quality. Called "studio system" or "art star system," the system distinguishes successful minority from failed absolute majority and justifies the results, deciding discriminative compensations. The discussion begins from work by Hunter Jonakin and Dan Perjovschi. The key point of this discussion is not their art worlds but the shared truth referred by the two as the collusive "art market" and "art star system." Through works based on their experiences, the two artists refer to these systems which restrict and confine them. Jonakin's Jeff Koons Must Die! is avideo game conveying a critical comment on authoritative operation of the museum system and star system. In this work, participants, whether viewer or artist, are destined to lose: the game is unwinnable. Players take the role of a person locked in a museum where artist Jeff Koons' retrospective is held. The player can either look around and quietly observe the works, which causes a game-over, or he can blow the classical paintings to pieces and cause the artist Koons to come out and reprimand the player, also resulting in a game-over. Like Jonakin, Dan Perjovschi's some drawings also focuses on the status of the artist shrunken by the system. Most artists are ruined in a process of competition to survive within the museum system. As John Burger properly pointed out, out of the art systems today, public collections (art museums) and private collections have become "something unbearable." The system justifies the selection system of art stars and its frame of reference, disregarding the problem of producing numerable victims in its process. What should be underlined above all else is that the present selection system seriously shrinks art's creative function and its function of generating meaning. In this situation, art might fall to the level of entertainment, accessible to more people and compromising with popularity. This discussion is based on assumption and consciousness on the matter that this situation might cause catastrophic results for not only explicit victims of the system but also winners, or ones defined as winners. The system of art is probably possible only by desire or distortion stemmed from such desire. The system can be flourished only under the economic system of avarice: quantitatively expanding economy, abundant style, resort economy in Venice and Miami, and luxurious shopping malls with up-to-date facilities. The catastrophe here is ongoing, not a sudden emergence, and dynamic, leading the system itself to a devastating end.