• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2016

Purpose: It is difficult to calculate frame U-value because of the two reason. First is selection of air properties in cavity. Second is calculation method in window frame. For this reason, it is important to decide cavity properties in window frame. However, international standards offered different method(ISO 15099, ISO 10077) and air properties was changed according to the two methods. The aim of this study was to suggest method for deriving accurate frame U-value using international standard methods and CFD simulation. Method: First, this study conducted analysis calculation method of ISO 15099 and ISO 10077. And, CFD simulation conducted based on same condition. Finally, ISO calculation and CFD simulation results were verified through comparison with real experiment results. Result: The results show that effective conductivity of ISO 15099 was the highest value. ISO 10077 and CFD result followed. The convergent values of ISO 10077 was the highest. ISO 15099 and CFD followed. ISO calculation reflecting CFD simulation results will reduce error with experimental results.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2020

To answer whether it is proper to adopt wetland education as a part of the formal school curriculum, this study analyzed research trends and topics on wetland education and identified cases of adopting wetland education as a part of the formal school curriculum. Analyzing trends and topics on wetlands resulted in a recent shift of the focus of wetland education from the awareness and attitude towards wetlands to the ecological functions and ecosystem services that wetlands provide. In 2002, 18 Contracting Parties of the Ramsar Convention had adopted wetland education in the formal school curriculum. As of August 2020, the number has increased up to 42 countries. The globally increased awareness on the importance of wetlands seems to have led the positive change. Most of the cases analyzed and reflected in this study showed that the curricula were designed and applied not nationally but locally or school basis for efficiency.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.479-484
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• 2006

Ecophysiological parameters of non-transgenic sweetpotato (NT) and transgenic sweetpotato (SSA) plants were compared to evaluate their resistance to multiple environmental stresses. Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in NT plants decreased markedly from Day 6 after water was withheld, whereas those values in SSA plants showed relatively higher level during this period. Osmotic potential in SSA plants was reduced more negatively as leaf water potential decreased from Day 8 after dehydration treatment, while such reduction was not shown in NT plants under water stressed condition. SSA plants showed less membrane damage than in NT plants. As water stress and high light stress, were synchronously applied to NT and SSA plants maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II ($F_v/F_m$) in NT plants markedly decreased, while that in SSA plants was maintained relatively higher level. This trend of changes in $F_v/F_m$ between SSA plants and NT plants was more conspicuous as simultaneously treated with water stress, high light and high temperature stress. These results indicate that SSA plants are more resistive than NT plants to multiple environmental stresses and the enhanced resistive characteristics in SSA plants are based on osmotic adjustment under water stress condition and tolerance of membrane.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.73-80
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• 2010

Since the Korean War, Korea has experienced modernization. The population increase by baby booming has asked for more space for educational facilities. In such a situation, the purpose of educational facilities was to accommodate continuously increasing students, rather than seeking for quantitative demands. In addition, in accordance with social changes, educational shifts were required. After the revision of the seventh national curriculum in education in 1997, the school buildings became varied. The design of buildings in accordance with educational curriculum has been improved, but still lack of forming comfortable environment and considering energy efficiency in school buildings. For the improvement of educational environments, educational media such as TV and computers have been provided, and energy systems, including heating and cooling systems, has been continuously increased. As a result, it appeared that energy use in school buildings and facilities has been steadily increased and that the structure of energy consumption has been also changed, especially with regard to electricity use. Living in the 21st century, human beings face global environmental issues, such as global warming, geographical climate changes, and ozone destruction that are the consequences of fossil energy use. Therefore, even in industrial areas, considering a counterplan for low energy use is being paid attention. Starting with Kyoto Protocol in 1992, people try to decrease carbon dioxide and to develop alternative energies (i.e. natural energy); for example, solar energy, wind force, terrestrial heat, and water power. Advanced countries already set up a criterion for $CO_2$ decrease ranging from office buildings to residential houses and also propose alternatives for the $CO_2$ decrease. However, there is no such a plan for low energy use and $CO_2$ decrease in school facilities, and any research on the actual conditions was not accomplished. Thus, this study examines energy demand in classrooms that take up a large portion of energy demand in school building structure.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Nowadays, reduction of energy use in buildings is a big issue, especially in public buildings like schools. The building structure is very simple in that, the room size, schedule and user number is similar across different schools. There are many policies which are suitable for this kind of buildings. Investigation of energy consumption pattern in primary school, middle school and high school in different cities of Korea has been done in this paper using statistical data from national organization and the data from IBM and Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education, aimed at providing the basic data for the development of energy efficiency improvement policies of educational facilities. The study was divided according to climate, energy source type and public or private school, as different cities have different climates and accordingly different amount of energy sources are used. It was observed that, the average energy consumption in primary school is $36.9kWh/m^2$, in middle school is $20.5kWh/m^2$ and in high school $27.4kWh/m^2$. As further analysis, monthly energy consumption pattern has been analyzed for one city.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1992

To elucidate nutrient cyclings such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in mongolian oak(quercus mongolica) forest, nutrient elements of precipitation, throughfall, outflow, soil, various plant organ and litter were determined at mt.nambyeongsan, pyeongchang-gun, gangwon province in central part of korean peninsula. Annual precipitation input, throughfall and outflow of nutrientswere 10.3, 8.6 and 4.2 kg/ha for the N, 0.11, 0.24 and 0.02 kg/ha for the Pand 1.3, 10.9 and 1.2 kg/ha for the K, respectively. Inseasonal changes of nutrient concentrations, N, P and Kconcentrations which were rich in young leaves decreased steadily until autumn and decreased abruptly during autumnal yellowing. The standing N, P and K concent were 565, 37 and 257 kg/ha for standing phytomass of overstory, 33, 3 and 18 kg/ha for understory, 132, 3.6 and 14 kg/ha for litter on ground including deadwood and 20, 752, 14 and 420 kg/ha for the soil, respectively. The amounts of annual uptake, reture and retain were 174.2, 57.2, 117.2 kg/ha for the N, 9.9, 3.5, 6.4 kg/ha for the P and 73.2, 30.3, 42.9 kg/ha for the K, respectively. Reabsorption efficiency, ratio of the nutrient amount reabsorbed into woody organs to that in the mature leaves before shedding, was 71%(or 99.8 kg/ha in the amount), 69%(or 5.1 kg/ha) and 57%(or 33.1% kg/ha) and recycling coeffciently made with which the large amount of nutrients is absorbed through roots during growing season(UPTAKE) and reasorbed from the leaves before shedding(RETAIN) but the small amount of nutrients is returned through litterfall(RETURN).

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.41-46
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• 2016

Purpose: This is a study on the planning of temporary housing for post application of Mega Sports facilities. The subject of the study is 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics, which is to suggest building an alternative temporary housing using shipping containers(high cube), which solve the lack of accommodations and recycle temporary housing after Olympics, save money and be eco-friendly in Olympics. Method: This study includes this ; research on the a fact-finding survey about Mega sports facilities post application and demand survey on 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics accomodations and an analysis about temporary housing plan. Furthermore we decided temporary housing building plan by analyzing residents' needs and traits of the housing etc. Through this, we made a schematic design for household units. Result: As a result, this study is a plan of making space, forms, and structure. The planned size is $38.4m^2$(L:12m, W:3.2m) except balcony, and indoor height is 2.5m. The space consists of entrance, bathroom, bedroom and living room with folding furniture system. Also there's a detailed floor plan of the ceiling, wall, and floor we drew up. The ceiling and wall consist of dampproof film, noncombustible board, fire proof urethane form, and color-designed sheet. The floor is composed of floor tile, cement mortar, light concrete(with heat coil), insulation, and dampproof film. Additionally, this study is a plan of interior dry wall with detail using modular construction method for work efficiency and quality improvement.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.63-69
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• 2010

Recently, by the increase of demand on Super High-rise mixed-use housing and it's advanced quality, the interest on it has been raised socially. In accordance with it, the matter of resident's health and energy efficiency has been controversial in terms of living in super high-rise housing. This study started from the idea that it is necessary to have an objective data which that has many residents in narrow space with high density. The purpose of this study are as follows; Firstly, with the quantitative data analysis on energy, it will confirm the objective information on the unclear negative idea of super high-rise mixed-use housing. Secondly, it will establish the fundamental data on the energy of super high-rise mixed-use housing by examining the characteristic of energy consumption of the complex which was built more than 5 years ago. There are 4 methods of this study. Firstly, it follows the steps of theoretical view, and defines concept to study on the characteristic of super high-rise mixed-use housing. Secondly, referring to the previous study, it provides better understanding on th stream of this research and the limit as well to guide the direction in terms of energy consumption. Thirdly, it evaluates the characteristic of monthly consumption by researching the use of electricity energy and heating energy of super high-rise mixed-use housing. The major conclusions of this study are as follows; Firstly, the heating use of apartment complex is same, which is not influenced by the type of the building. Secondly, the electricity use of super high-rise mixed-use housing is from 1,2 to 1.5 as high as the normal apartment.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.3-12
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• 2010

Sustainable design is getting to be controversial issue in all industries over the world particularly, in architecture as the amount of energy usage in architecture occupies 40%. Therefore, it is essential to make the standard for the sustainable design. In order to construct the sustainable design, firstly it should be considered that sustainable design elements based on natural resources to increase building energy efficiency is established and classified. The method of sustainable design divides into passive design and active design. Passive design method should be examined with active one simultaneously for more efficient usage of energy. Next, the study is followed how the sustainable design elements is adopted in buildings through the comparison of cases study of domestic and oversea. The result of case study shows similar adoption of sustainable design elements between oversea and domestic. However, the difference is shown in the building orientation and shape and the window size and position in Solar energy as well as high performance structure in Heat energy. These elements are the most significant elements in order to reduce energy load. In oversea, sustainable design is generated by architects, a client, and consultants based on the close cooperation in the beginning of early design phase before deciding building shape and envelope while in the domestic field adoption for sustainable design is conducted after deciding building shape and material. In order to design sustainable architecture more study is necessary in early stage for Zero Carbon and reducing building energy load through relation with specialists, a client and architects.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2011

Aims of this study is to investigate the daylighting control strategy of venetian blind system was performed as a function of ratio of shading height to window and slat angles in the preliminary stage of the parametric study. Floor-to-ceiling window walls of living spaces are used widely in apartment buildings since the Korean government has legally allowed elimination of the balcony area. Enlarging living area by balcony elimination, the larger glass area of window is exposed to the direct sunlight. As a common sunlight controlling device, blind system can be used in all orientations and all latitudes and it may obstruct, absorb, reflect and transmit solar radiation to building by proper adjusting. However, blind system can produce discomfort in occupant and less energy efficiency, if it has not been controlled optimally. The simulation model was based on the unit module of typical living space with balcony elimination. The room dimension was $6.0m(w){\times}6.9m(d){\times}2.7m(h)$ with floor to ceiling height of 2.5m. The blind system was simulated at five slat angles (horizontal, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ upward and downward tilted) and the four ratio of shading height to window (fully closed, partly opened, no-blind) using the Desktop RADIANCE 2.0 program. The series of simulation results indicates that the advantages of available daylight and outside of view can be improved by proper adjusting blind system.