• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.557-569
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• 2023

Amphibians are the world's most threatened group of animals, with approximately 41% facing extinction. Contrary to this global trend, the number of amphibian species in Korea has increased by approximately 53.3% over the past 20 years. In particular, salamanders within the genus Hynobius showed even greater diversity, with the number increasing three-fold from two species to seven. However, morphological and ecological traits required for the clear differentiation of these animals are yet to be determined, leading to much confusion. In this study, we investigated the validity of using size traits for species identification, as this method is currently considered a rule of thumb when differentiating Geoje salamanders (Hynobius geojeensis), cryptic Uiryeong salamanders (H. perplicatus), and Korean small salamanders (H. unisacculus). Our study revealed that sex, study period, and habitat were all factors associated with significant differences in snout-vent length, head width, and body weight. Differences in these size traits were evident both between and within species. Our results show that body size traits applied in the recent classification of the three new salamander species could not be seen as a suitable criterion. Such identification methods based solely on body size not only cause great confusion in the field but will also limit future research on Korean Hynobius salamanders.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-92
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• 1970

Ueda, in the course of his systematic work on the lavers, Porphyra, in Japan and Korea in 1932, mentioned that most of the cultivated Porphyra belong to Porphyra tenera Kjellman. Then he, dividing the species into two forms, f. typica and f. kjellmani, put Korean cultivated Porphyra under the latter. From the 1930s to the early 1940s, Fujikawa, Kaneko and others worked on Physiological experiments or cultivational experiments of Porphyra in the culture-bed, but there was no mention about the cultivated Porphyra species. However, many fishermen generally recognize that the characteristics of cultivated Porphyra vary depending on their habitat or the picking season, and it is considered that these differences are due to the varieties of the species which are well adaptable to various environments. Recently, I have become aware of the predominant occurrence of P. yezoensis Ueda in most culture-beds of Korea as in the Tokyo Bay or other places in Japan. At present, since artificial seeding for the cultivation of Porphyra with Conchocelis has been carried out and peculiar species can be cultured, a study of the species of cultivated Porphyra has become an important subject. I collected the specimens from a number of culture-beds which are located in the legions shown in fig. 1 from January, 1968 to May, 1970 and found that there are five species, P. tenera Kjellman, P. yezoensis Ueda, P. kuniedai Kurogi, P. seriata Kjellman and P. suborbiculata Kjellman. Among them, P. kuniedai was treated as a round-type, a form of P. tenera, by Kunieda (1939) and Tanaka (1952) and the occurrence of this form is generally recognized by most fishermen. At present, as mentioned above, the most dominant species of cultivated Porphyra is P. yezoensis but the cultivation of P. tenera is restricted to certain culture-beds or the early half of the cultivation period. P. kunieda appears as a mixed species throughout most of the culture-beds, particulary in the later half of the period, while when it was picked in January it appeared dominantly in a place such as Gum-Dang where the 'Bal', splitted bamboo piece mat, was settled during the last of September. This is the first seeding process. The latter two species, P. suborbiculata and P. seriata appear frequently but in small amounts in the later half of the period particulary in the western region of the southern coast. However, it can not be ascertained when P. yezoensis becomes predominant, because specimens have not been available up until recent years but the process can be described as follows: We commonly recognize the ecological characteristics of P. tenera as follows; First, the conchospores of the species develop earlier and the period of its discharge is shorter than those of P. yezoensis; second, the microscopical buds discharge neutral spores which develop into new buds directly and buds develop repeatedly through a short period. Consequently, according to such above ecological characteristics, the species can grow thick on the 'Bal' exclusively. However, buds may disappear when they are harmed by disease such a 'infection by certain parasites or by other unusual environmental conditions. Thus P. yezoensis are enabled to grow on the 'Bal' instead of the former species since they not only develop later than the former but also macroscopical fronds discharge the neutral spore throughout the period from October to May. Likewise, if any disease appears in the culture-bed ill the later half of the period, the former is more severely damaged than the latter because the former have less resistance to the disease than the latter. Thus fewer frond survive and fewer carpospores which are the origin of the next generation can be discharged. However the latter by their nature can continue growing until early summer. In the case of the culture-bed where the above phenomenon occurs repeatedly P. yezoensis gradually may become the dominant species among cultivated Porphyra. In support of the validity of this process we find that according to the description and the plate of Wada (1941), P. tenera, P. yezoensis and P. kuniedai grow together in the culture-bed at the mouth of the Nakdong River where P. yezoensis occurs predominantly and mixed with P. kuniedai.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.22-34
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• 2011

In recent years, there has been an active movement toward databasing, systematizing, and unifying environmental information. Such efforts facilitate the utilization of spatial environment planning in environment conservation officially planned at the metropolitan and provincial levels. This in turn clarifies the management direction of space, thereby serving as an effective tool with which to not only conserve land, but also provide a reasonable compromise to all the related solutions at odds with one another. As such, this study forwards a method for inclusion of spatial environment planning in environment conservation plans, paying particular attention to the place, with in such a planning method, of the natural ecosystem, arguably the most sensitive arena among environmental factors. Spatial environment planning can be broadly divided as follows: first, basic direction; second, collection of spatial information; third, compilation of status of spatial environment; and fourth, management strategy for spatial environment. In particular, the second phase, namely the collection of spatial information, delineates clearly spatial information hitherto amassed by government agencies at both the national and local levels; the ensuing lists facilitate maximum utilization of the previously accumulated data. Used during the planning phase, status maps should include not only the status of land use(land cover), but also systematic data on the superior resources of the natural ecosystem as well as the status of the given spatial environment. Establishing plans for ecological networks, their conservation, and restoration areas based on the aforementioned aspects, this study sought to formulate ways in which to spatialize environment conservation plans that encompass consideration for the natural ecosystem. Devised based previous studies and examples, the compilation of status and plans as stated, applied to Gyeonggi Province, afforded an examination of the potential applicability and usability of the proposed plans. Ultimately, these will contribute not only to the establishment of plans encompassing consideration for the value and level of significance of the given natural ecosystem in spatial development planning, but also provide fundamental data for investigating appropriateness of plans and validity of location in any regional development plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.70-83
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• 2022

This study aims to select evaluation items that can be used in planning park creation to evaluate the proposal to solve the environmental and social problems in promoting private-initiated park development projects. To this end, evaluation items that can consider various aspects of the development project were selected, and the indicators' validity and appropriateness were carried out through an expert Focus Group Interview (FGI). Firstly, an expert FGI was performed for six major categories and 50 evaluation items derived from literature reviews and brainstorming. As a result, five major and 27 middle category items were selected. Based on the derived major and middle classification items, 95 detailed items were selected. Secondly, 55 sub-items were derived through a suitability questionnaire. As a result of the suitability survey, the average scores of the subcategories for the major categories of natural environment, function of parks, and use of land were relatively high. The average scores for environmental index items such as ecology/vegetation, topography and slope, landscape, park service, wildlife, wide-area ecosystem, and park items were high in the middle classification. The average score of indicators in the natural environment was relatively high, and the average score in the function of parks also soared. In the environmental impact assessment, the occurrence of plan change issues, including the reappraisal of the location, led to unclear detailed evaluation factors for the faithfulness of the plan and the appropriateness of the plan direction. This study is significant in that it is a study on the selection of evaluation items that can minimize the problem of plan alteration and achieve objective evaluation when promoting development projects. This study could be used to forward development projects in the future and evaluate long-term unexecuted urban parks.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.11-24
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• 2010

The main focus of this research is the establishment of a systemic evaluation model based on objective evaluation indices, which are drawn to assess the experiencing of nature and recreational value at the level of the district unit. First of all, as a result of a literature review, a total of 10 indices can be drawn including vegetation structure, pavement rate, and hemeroby to evaluate an assessment of natural experiences and recreational value. Also, as a result of expert survey analysis, all evaluation index items were above 4.4, which is a high importance average. Hemeroby and unique landscape factor items in particular were above 5.8, which is very high. In addition, as a result of implementing a factor analysis to classify evaluation indices according to characteristics, three factors arise: 'landscape structure and quality of natural experience', 'typical availability', and 'quality of aesthetic and visual sense.' Based on the above survey analysis results, the 'quality of aesthetic and visual sense' was the highest, at 3.510. The classification 'landscape structure and quality of natural experience' was the lowest, at 3.035. A systemic value evaluation model was established by comprehensively analyzing these results. To verify the validity of the evaluation model drawn, real sites are selected and applied. First of all, as a result of a biotope types classification of sites, biotope type groups are classified into a total of 13 including the stream biotope while its subordinate biotope types are classified into a total of 61 groups. Lastly, as a result of biotope value evaluation, which was a previously established evaluation model, there are a total of 16 types including vegetation-abundant natural rivers and small-scale woodlands near forests in grade I. There are 9 types in grade II, 8 in grade III, 8 in grade IV, 19 in the least-valuable grade V.