• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.197-206
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• 2021

Marine brown seaweeds are a source of functional ingredients with various biological properties. They have been used in the food and functional food industries. Brown seaweeds are divided into three parts of blades, stipe, and root. Normally seaweed blades were used as raw materials for biological research. However, there are limited uses on stipes of Ecklonia maxima (E. maxima) depending on the physicochemical, nutritional, and biological properties. Besides, the comparative studies of two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe didn't discover previously. This study aimed to compare the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe in vitro studies to increase the utilization of the two structures of E. maxima. The enzyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, celluclast-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima blades (EMBC) and viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima stipe (EMSV) expressed significant protection on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, EMBC and EMSV treatment remarkably reduced nitric oxide production by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Especially EMBC showed strong inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to EMSV. Taken together research findings suggest that EMBC and EMSV possessed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may be utilized as functional ingredients in the food and functional food sectors.

• ALGAE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2022

Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis is frequently used as a cost-effective and efficient method to obtain functional ingredients from bioresources. This study involved the enzyme-assisted hydrolyzation and purification of fucoidan from Ecklonia maxima stipe and the investigation of its anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Fucoidans of Viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima (EMSFs) harvested in Jeju, Korea. Structural and chemical characterizations were performed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and monosaccharide analysis. Among fucoidans, EMSF6 was rich in fucose and sulfate and had a similar structural character to commercial fucoidan. EMSF6 showed a strong inhibitory effect on nitric oxide generation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and significantly decreased the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α. The anti-inflammatory potential of EMSF6 was mediated through the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Thus, fucoidans from E. maxima stipe are promising candidates for functional food products.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2019

In the present study, the alcoholic and enzymatic extracts of Ecklonia maxima were prepared and their antioxidant activities were evaluated via the free radical scavenging activities. The lyophilized seaweed powder was extracted by 70% ethanol and the resultant extract was obtained, named as the alcoholic extract of E. maxima stem (EMSE) obtained. The residue after EMSE preparation was continuously by Celluclast-assistant extraction and then the obtained enzymatic extract was identified as polysaccharides-rich extract of E. maxima stem (EMSP). The results indicated that the extraction yields of EMSE and EMSP were 2.18% and 5.43%, respectively. In addition, the free radical scavenging activities of EMSE and EMSP were determined using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. EMSE containing 5.36% of polyphenol and 1.56% of polysaccharide scavenged DPPH and alkyl radicals at the $IC_{50}$ values of 0.48 and 0.63 mg/mL, respectively. EMSP containing 0.33% of polyphenol and 41.58% of polysaccharide showed at the $IC_{50}$ values of 0.33 and 0.55 mg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that EMSP containing a high amount of polysaccharides possesses a strong free radical scavenging activity which might be a potential ingredient in pharmacological and cosmeceutical industries.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2007

The seed production of Ecklonia stolonifera Okamura was studied under laboratory conditions through the embryonic sporophyte stage and the field cultivation was conducted in eastern coast of Korea. The germination of zoospores occurred within 3 days and the growth of gametophytes was most rapid at $25^{\circ}C$ and $20\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$. Sporophyte growth was highest at $20^{\circ}C$ and $20\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$ and lowest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $80\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$. In the nursery culture of E. stolonifera lasting for 2 weeks in January, the initial blade length of E. stolonifera (about $500\;{\mu}m$) grew to $526.3{\pm}176.0\;{\mu}m$ at water temperature of $12.05^{\circ}C$. The blade length and width reached their maxima in July, after which the ends of blade and stem began to degrade with the increase in water temperature. The degraded end of the blade started to regenerate in October, when water temperature began to decline. This species can be considered a potential candidate for aquaculture, increasing in the availability of raw material and aiding in recovery of seaweed bed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1969

The present investigations were carried out with the purpose of making clear the fundamental features of the seasonal variations in chemical composition of the brown algae. Three species of samples, Ecklonia cava, Sargassum sagamianum and Hizikia fusiforme have been analyzed monthly for their contents of total ash, crude protein, alginic acid, mannitol, and laminarin over a year period. Three kinds of samples were collected from the same locality, situated on the southern coast of the Che-ju Island, from September 1966 to August 1967. In addition, the comparative analysis was made on fronds and stipes of the plant for their chemical composition. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1, In general, the three species examined underwent a similar mode of seasonal variation, and no essential difference was detected among them. 2. The chemical composition of the plant exhibited a considerable difference between the species. The content of total ash in H. fusiforme was remarkably higher than those in the two other species respectively. The alginic acid content was relatively high in S. sagamianum and low in H. fusiforme. The contents of crude protein, mannitol and laminarin were appreciably high in E. cava and low in H. fusiforme in general. 3. The most outstanding feature in the seasonal variation was that, in general, the total ash, crude protein, and alginic acid contents were at a maximum in the winter months while laminarin and mannitol contents were at a minimum. The converse was true in summer. Total ash-Maximum values were observed from December to February and minimum from August till October. Crude Protein-All species exhibited maxima in January and February, and minima from August to October. Alginic acid-Maximum contents occured from January to March and minimum from September to November. Mannitol-The maximum content of mannitol was In May and lune and minimum in January, February and March. Leminerin-Maximum content was in September and October, and minimum in January and February. 4. The wide seasonal variation in chemical constitution occured in the fronds, but the stipes showed a slight seasonal variation. In the chemical composition, the stipe was high in alginic acid, low in mannitol and laminarin. The reverse was in the frond.