• 대기
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.541-554
• /
• 2014

Historical, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios from HadGEM2-AO are dynamically downscaled over the northeast East Asia with WRFV3.4. The horizontal resolution of the produced data is 12.5 km and the periods of integration are 1979~2010 for historical and 2019~2100 for both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. We analyze the time series, climatology, EOF and extreme climate in terms of 2 m-temperature and precipitation during 30-year for the Historical (1981~2010) and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (2071~2100) scenarios. According to the result, the temperature of the northeast Asia centered at the Korean Peninsula increase 2.9 and $4.6^{\circ}C$ in the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, by the end of the 21st century. The temperature increases with latitude and the increase is larger in winter rather than in summer. The annual mean precipitation is expected to increase by about $0.3mm\;day^{-1}$ in RCP4.5 scenario and $0.5mm\;day^{-1}$ in RCP8.5 scenario. The EOF analysis is also performed for both temperature and precipitation. For temperature, the EOF $1^{st}$ modes of all scenarios in summer and winter show that temperature increase with latitude. The $2^{nd}$ mode of EOF of each scenario shows the natural variability, exclusive of the global warming. The summer precipitation over the Korean Peninsula projected increases in EOF $1^{st}$ modes of all scenarios. For extreme climate, the increment of the number of days with daily maximum temperature above $30^{\circ}C$ per year ($DAY_{TX30}$) is 25.3 and 49.7 days in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively over the Korean Peninsula. The number of days with daily precipitation above $20mm\;day^{-1}$ per year ($DAY_{PR20}$) also increases 3.1 and 3.5 days in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively.

• 대기
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.17-33
• /
• 2011

A dynamical downscaling system for seasonal forecast has been constructed based on a regional climate model, and its predictability was investigated for 10 years' wintertime (December-January-February; DJF) climatology in East Asia. Initial and lateral boundary conditions were obtained from the operational seasonal forecasting data, which are realtime output of the Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS) at Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Sea surface temperature was also obtained from the operational forecasts, i.e., KMA El-Nino and Global Sea Surface Temperature Forecast System. In order to determine the better configuration of the regional climate model for East Asian regions, two sensitivity experiments were carried out for one winter season (97/98 DJF): One is for the topography blending and the other is for the cumulus parameterization scheme. After determining the proper configuration, the predictability of the regional forecasting system was validated with respect to 850 hPa temperature and precipitation. The results showed that mean fields error and other verification statistics were generally decreased compared to GDAPS, most evident in 500 hPa geopotential heights. These improved simulation affected season prediction, and then HSS was better 36% and 11% about 850 hPa temperature and precipitation, respectively.

• 대기
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.527-538
• /
• 2013

In this study, climate over Korea based on the Historical scenario induced by HadGEM2-AO is simulated by WRF. For this purpose, a system that can be used be for numerical integration over the Far East Asian area of the center of the Korean Peninsula with 12.5 km-horizontal resolution was set-up at "Haebit", the early portion of KMA Supercomputer Unit-3. Using the system, the downscaling experiments were conducted for the period 1979-2010. The simulated results of HadGEM2-AO and WRF are presented in terms of 2 m-temperature and precipitation during boreal summer and winter of Historical for the period 1981~2005, compared with observation. As for the mean 2 m-temperature, the general patterns of HadGEM2-AO and WRF are similar with observation although WRF showed lower values than observation due to the systematic bias. WRF reproduced a feature of the terrain-following characteristics reasonably well owing to the increased horizontal resolution. Both of the models simulated the observed precipitation pattern for DJF than JJA reasonably, while the rainfall over the Korean Peninsula in JJA is less than observation. HadGEM2-AO in DJF 2 m-temperature and JJA precipitation has warm and dry biases over the Korean Peninsula, respectively. WRF showed cold bias over JJA 2 m-temperature and wet bias over DJF precipitation. The larger bias in WRF was attributed to the addition of HadGEM2-AO's bias to WRF's systematic bias. Spatial correlation analysis revealed that HadGEM2-AO and WRF had above 0.8 correlation coefficients except for JJA precipitation. In the EOF analysis, both models results explained basically same phase changes and variation as observation. Despite the difference in mean and bias fields for both models, the variabilities of the two models were almost similar with observation in many respects, implying that the downscaled results can be effectively used for the study of regional climate around the Korean Peninsula.

• 수산해양기술연구
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 1976

겨울철 북서태평양인 캄차카 부근 해역에 영향을 주는 저기압의 특성을 종합,분석하고 그 발달기구를 규명하기 위하여 기상월보(1966~1974년) 9닌분과 일본 기상철 발행의 인쇄기일도(1970~1974년)5년분을 사용 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 겨울철 우리나라 부근에서 발현하는 저기압의 총수는 157개 였다. 이것을 월별로 보면 12월 1월에 각각 48개였고,2월에는 61개 발생했으며 경로별로는 BD경로, 즉 중국에서 발생하여 한국을 통과한 뒤 일본의 북해도로 진입하는 저기압은 총 53개로 전체의 36%로 가장 많았으며, CD경로 즉 대만 부근에서 발생하여 동해를 통과하는 저기압은 총 15개로 전체의 13%로 가장 적었다. 2)저기압 강하도는 A경로 일때가 제일 적었고, CD경로 일때가 가장 컸다. 또한 풍속변화량은 C,CD경로일 대가 최대였고, A경로 일때가 최소였다. 3)저기압이 통과하는 상층에 Jet류가 전일에 비해서 하강, 남하할 경우에는 한기중의 막대한 양이 저기압 후면으로 강하하면, 이에 따르는 위치 에너지의 감량이 저기압을 발달시킨다. 반면에 Jet류가 본래의 상태로 정체하고 있는 경우에는 위치에너지의 변화가 거의 없으므로 저기압은 별로 발달하지 않으며,만일 발달한다고 해도 해면 증발등과 같은 지상조건에 따를 뿐이다. 4)700mb면 등온선의 상층골과 기온극대축(혹은 극소축)의 상관위치 관걔는 저기압 발달에 많은 영향을 준다.

• 대기
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 2009

A strong negative correlation has been detected between the North Pacific Oscillation Index (NPI) and the Effective Drought Index (EDI) in May over Korea. In May of positive NPI year, anomalous patterns caused a drought in Korea as follows: the anomalous south-low, north-high low-level pressure patterns in the northeast and southeast of Korea have strengthened the anomalous northerlies to Korea. In addition, these anomalous northerlies have prevented western North Pacific (WNP) high from moving northward. As a result, anomalous descending flows have strengthened in the mid-latitude region in East Asia. In the WNP, the anomalous south-high, north-low sea surface temperature (SST) has been widely distributed, which has strengthened anomalous south-low, north-high low-level pressure patterns. These anomalous characteristics of pressure and SST patterns observed in May of positive NPI years have already been detected in previous winter (December-February) and early spring (March, April). In addition, the anomalous negative sea ice concentration in the North Pacific during two seasons has strengthened the anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the same region and in turn made a contribution to formation of anomalous south-low, north-high pressure patterns in May.

• 한국기후변화학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2016

In the present study, the time series of the number of days on which temperatures were not higher than $-5^{\circ}C$ in winter in Seoul was analyzed. The results showed a decreasing tendency until recently. Statistical change-point analysis was conducted to examine whether climate regime shifts existed in this time series. According to the results, the number of days on which temperatures were not higher than $-5^{\circ}C$ in winter in Seoul drastically decreased since 1988. Therefore, to find out the reason for the recent decrease in the number of days, differences between the means of large-scale environments in winder during 1988~2010 and those during 1974~1987 were analyzed. In all layers of the troposphere, anomalous anticyclones developed in regions around the Korean Peninsula and thus the Korean Peninsula was affected by westerlies or south-westerlies. This was associated with the recent a little further northward development of western North Pacific subtropical high. Therefore, environments good for warm and humid air to flow into the Korean Peninsula were formed. To examine whether relatively warm and humid air actually flowed into the Korean Peninsula recently, temperatures and specific humidity in all layers in the troposphere were analyzed and according to the results the Korean Peninsula showed warm and humid anomalies. In the analyses of sensible heat net flux and maximum temperatures at a height of 2 m that can be felt by humans, the East Asia Continent including the Korean Peninsula showed positive anomalies.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2024

2020년 6월 여름철 중위도 동아시아 지역의 온난화가 PM_2.5 에어로졸의 생성기작에 미치는 영향을 WRF-Chem 모델에 기상과 기후 입력 자료를 적용하여 산출한 PM_2.5 에어로졸 아노말리를 통해 분석하였다. 30년(1991-2020년) 동안 동아시아 지역의 10년 단위 기온 변화 경향은 최근에 겨울보다는 여름에 온난화가 더 커지는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 동아시아 지역의 여름철 온난화는 중국 내륙의 대류권 하층에서는 저기압, 대류권 상층에서는 고기압을 발생시키고 있었다. 대류권 하층 저기압과 상층 고기압의 경계가 티베트고원으로부터 한국으로 낮아지는 지형을 따라 경사져 분포하고 있었다. 중국 동부-황해-한국의 지역에는 저기압과 더불어 북서 태평양 고기압의 발달로 동중국해로부터 온난 다습한 남서 기류가 수렴하고 있었다. 한국에서는 1973년 이래로 6월 중에는 2020년에 가장 높은 기온이 관측되었다. 한편 동아시아 지역에서 강화된 온난화는 중국 동부지역으로부터 한반도로 장거리를 이동하는 PM_2.5 에어로졸의 생성을 증가시키고 있었다. WRF-Chem (Weather Research Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) 모델에 배출량의 변동은 고려하지 않고, 기상 및 기후 입력장(1991-2020년)만을 적용하여 산출한 PM_2.5 아노말리는 중국 동부지역으로부터 황해와 한국, 그리고 북서 태평양 지역에 걸쳐 양(+)으로 분포하고 있었다. 따라서, 2020년 6월 동아시아 지역에서 PM_2.5 질량 농도에 대한 온난화 기여도는 50% 이상이었다. 특히 PM_2.5 에어로졸이 중국 동부로부터 황해를 거쳐 한국으로 장거리 수송되는 과정에서 온난 다습한 남서 기류에 의해 황산염은 습식세정 되고 있지만 질산염은 생성이 촉진되고 있었다.

• 지구물리
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 2004

The variation of geomagnetic field and absolute magnetic field at the geomagnetic observatory of King Sejong Station has been measured with 3-component ring core fluxgate magnetometer, proton magnetometer and D-I magnetometer. With data obtained from King Sejong Station during 2003, thediurnal and annual variations of geomagnetic field were researched and compared with those at other observatories. The deviation of daily variation of magnetic field in antarctica decreased gradually during winter season due to sun effect. The rates of componental annual variation of magnetic field at King Sejong Station were calculated using the least-square method under the assumption that the annual variation of magnetic field is linear. The rates are -55.93 nT/year in horizontal intensity, -0.87 min./year in declination, 58.30 nT/year in vertical intensity, and -69.85 nT/year in total intensity of magnetic field. A remarkable variation was caused by the magnetic storms occurred on 29~30 October, which were so powerful that the variation was observed in mid latitudes as well as high latitudes. The values of variation are generally 1500 2000 nT in Antarctica including King Sejong Station, 350 500 nT in East Asia. The measurement of absolute magnetic field shows that ring core fluxgate magnetometer has relatively large error range under cold temperature.

• 대기
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.163-174
• /
• 2012

Brightness temperature (BT) difference between sea fog and sea surface is small, because the top height of fog is low. Therefore, it is very difficult to detect sea fog with infrared (IR) channels in the nighttime. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed a new algorithm for detection of sea fog that consists in three tests. Firstly, both stratus and sea fog were discriminated from the other clouds by using the difference between BTs $3.7{\mu}m$ and $11{\mu}m$. Secondly, stratus occurring at a level higher than sea fog was removed when the difference between cloud top temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) is smaller than 3 K. In this process, we used daily SST data from AMSR-E microwave measurements that is available even in the presence of cloud. Then, the SST was converted to $11{\mu}m$ BT based on the regressed relationship between AMSR-E SST and MTSAT-1R $11{\mu}m$ BT at 1733 UTC over clear sky regions. Finally, stratus was further removed by using the homogeneity test based on the difference in cloud top texture between sea fog and stratus. Comparison between the retrievals from our algorithm and that from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) algorithm, shows that the KMA algorithm often misconceived sea fog as stratus, resulting in underestimating the occurrence of sea fog. Monthly distribution of sea fog over northeast Asia in 2008 was derived from the proposed algorithm. The frequency of sea fog is lowest in winter, and highest in summer especially in June. The seasonality of the sea fog occurrence between East and West Sea was comparable, while it is not clearly identified over South Sea. These results would serve to prevent the possible occurrence of marine accidents associated with sea fog.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.282-293
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 겨울철과 여름철에 8개의 다른 MJO 전파 위상에 따라 동아시아 지역에서 강수와 기온, 순환 아노말리에 대하여 매든-줄리안 진동(MJO)/계절내 진동(ISO)의 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. MJO의 중심이 동인도양에 위치한 3번 위상과 MJO의 중심이 서반구에 위치한 8번 위상에서 한반도의 겨울철 강수 패턴이 비선형적으로 나타난다. 이 두 위상에서 MJO의 강도가 2보다 작은 경우 양의 아노말리가 나타나는 반면에 2보다 큰 경우 음의 강수 아노말리가 나타났다. MJO 강도가 클 때 나타나는 이러한 음의 강수 아노말리는 한반도가 고기압성 아노말리 영역에 놓이고 북풍계열의 바람에 의한 한랭 건조한 바람의 이류에 의해 형성된다. 또한 본 연구에서는 여름철 ISO의 동진 및 북진 전파 위상에 따른 강수와 순환의 반응을 연구하였다.