• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.28-28
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• 1995

The aim of the present study is to investigate the interannual variabilities of the East Asia monsoon rainfall associated with the global sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA). For this study, the summer rainfall(from June to August) over the twenty-eight period of 1961-1988 were analyzed with being divided by nine-subregions over East Asia including Korea, China and Japan. From the analysis of the principal modes explaining the interannual variation, the interannual variabilities of summer rainfalls in South Japan and Korea are larger than those of the other subregions of the East Asia. There is a strong negative correlation between the summer rainfalls of south China and Korea. In this study, the relationship between the summer monsoon of each subregion and SSTs of the tropical NINO regions, of western Pacific warm pool, and of the subtropical ocean were investigated. The longitudinal sections of the lagged cross correlations of the summer rainfal1 anomaly in (a) Korea and (b) south China, and the monthly SSTA in the equatorial(averaged from 65 to 6N) Pacific were analyzed. The negative maximum correlation pattems of Korea''s stammer rainfal1 and SSTs over the eastern Pacific is transfered to positive maximum conrlation over central Pacific region with a biennial periodicity. In South China, the significant positive correlations are found at -12 month lag over the eastern Pacific and maximum negative correlation at 16 month lag over the central Pacific with the quasi-biennial oscillation. But the correlation coefficient reverses completely to that in Korea. In order to investigate the most prevailing interannual variability of rainfall related to the favored SSTA region, the lagged cross correlations between East Asia rainfall and SSTs over the moO regions(NINO 1+2(0-105, 90W-80W), NINO 3(5N-5S, 150W-90W), NINO 4(5N-5S, 160E-l50W) and the western Pacific worm pool (5N-5S, 120E-l60E) were analyzed. Among the lagged cross-correlation cycles in NINO regions, the maximum correlations for the negative lagged months prevail in NINO 1+2 and NINO 3, and the cross correlations for the positive lagged months NINO 4. It is noteworthy that correlation between the western Pacific warm pool SSTA and the monsoon rainfall in Korea and South China have the maximum value at negative 4 month lag. The evolution of the correlation between the East Asia monsoon rainfall and SSTA is linked to the equatorial convective cluster and related to northward propagating situation, and raising the possibility that the East Asia monsoon precipitation may be more fundamentally related to the interaction of intraseasonal oscillations and the sub-regional characteristics including the surface boundary conditions and the behavior of climatological air mass.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.413-426
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• 1995

The aim of the present study is to investigate the interannual variabilities of the East Asia monsoon rainfall associated with the global sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA). For this study, the summer rainfall(from June to August) over the twenty-eight period of 1961-1988 were analyzed with being divided by nine-subregions over East Asia including Korea, China and Japan. From the analysis of the principal modes explaining the interannual variation, the interannual variabilities of summer rainfalls in South Japan and Korea are larger than those of the other subregions of the East Asia. There is a strong negative correlation between the summer rainfalls of south China and Korea. In this study, the relationship between the summer monsoon of each subregion and SSTs of the tropical NINO regions, of western Pacific warm pool, and of the subtropical ocean were investigated. The longitudinal sections of the lagged cross correlations of the summer rainfal1 anomaly in (a) Korea and (b) south China, and the monthly SSTA in the equatorial(averaged from 65 to 6N) Pacific were analyzed. The negative maximum correlation pattems of Korea's stammer rainfal1 and SSTs over the eastern Pacific is transfered to positive maximum conrlation over central Pacific region with a biennial periodicity. In South China, the significant positive correlations are found at -12 month lag over the eastern Pacific and maximum negative correlation at 16 month lag over the central Pacific with the quasi-biennial oscillation. But the correlation coefficient reverses completely to that in Korea. In order to investigate the most prevailing interannual variability of rainfall related to the favored SSTA region, the lagged cross correlations between East Asia rainfall and SSTs over the moO regions(NINO 1+2(0-105, 90W-80W), NINO 3(5N-5S, 150W-90W), NINO 4(5N-5S, 160E-l50W) and the western Pacific worm pool (5N-5S, 120E-l60E) were analyzed. Among the lagged cross-correlation cycles in NINO regions, the maximum correlations for the negative lagged months prevail in NINO 1+2 and NINO 3, and the cross correlations for the positive lagged months NINO 4. It is noteworthy that correlation between the western Pacific warm pool SSTA and the monsoon rainfall in Korea and South China have the maximum value at negative 4 month lag. The evolution of the correlation between the East Asia monsoon rainfall and SSTA is linked to the equatorial convective cluster and related to northward propagating situation, and raising the possibility that the East Asia monsoon precipitation may be more fundamentally related to the interaction of intraseasonal oscillations and the sub-regional characteristics including the surface boundary conditions and the behavior of climatological air mass.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.85-102
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• 2023

Background: Ecophysiological characteristics of Rosa rugosa were analyzed under different environmental factors from May to October 2022. Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content, leaf water content (LWC), osmolality, carbohydrate content, and total ion content were measured to compare the physiological characteristics of R. rugosa at two study sites (i.e., in large pots and in the Goraebul coastal sand dune area). Results: When R. rugosa was exposed to high temperatures, photosynthetic parameters including net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and stomatal conductance (g_s) in both experiment areas declined. In addition, severe photoinhibition occurs when R. rugosa is continuously exposed to high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and because of this, relatively low Y(II) (i.e., the quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II [PSII]) and high Y(NO) (i.e., the quantum yield of non-regulated, non-photochemical energy loss in PSII) in the R. rugosa of the pot were observed. As the high Y(NPQ) (i.e., the quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII) of R. rugosa in the coastal sand dune, they dissipated the excessed photon energy through the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanism when they were exposed to relatively low PAR and low temperature. Rosa rugosa in the coastal sand dune has higher chlorophyll a and carotenoid content. The high chlorophyll a + b and low chlorophyll a/b ratios seemed to optimize light absorption in response to low PAR. High carotenoid content played an important role in NPQ. As a part of the osmotic regulation in response to low LWCs, R. rugosa exposed to high temperatures and continuously high PAR used soluble carbohydrates and ions to maintain high osmolality. Conclusions: We found that F_v/F_m was lower in the potted plants than in the coastal sand dune plants, indicating the vulnerability of R. rugosa to high temperatures and PAR levels. We expect that the suitable habitat range for R. rugosa will shrink and move to north under climate change conditions.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.516-523
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• 2011

To compare four populations of sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi adults, their egg quality and larval development were investigated in the hatchery. The populations were: south sea wild (SSW), south sea cultured (SSC), east sea wild (ESW) and Iwate Japan cultured (IJC). Egg quality and larval development were compared using 13 factors (fertilization rate and diameter, proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid contents of eggs, hatching rate and various sizes of tadpole larvae) which were obtained from each population. Fertilized egg diameter, hatching rate and size of tadpole larvae were significantly different among the four populations (P<0.05). Eggs were produced with higher crude protein ($5.20{\pm}0.00%$ SSW, $4.71{\pm}0.01%$ ESW, $4.66{\pm}0.01%$ SSC and $3.96{\pm}0.01%$ IJC) and lipid ($1.22{\pm}0.01%$ ESW, $1.01{\pm}0.00%$ SSW, $0.77{\pm}0.01%$ SSC and $0.69{\pm}0.00%$ IJC,) contents from domestic wild populations than from Japanese or cultured populations. Also amino acid and fatty acid contents were different. The extent of similarity between domestic and Japanese populations (30.5% IJC:SSW, 34.3% IJC:SSC and 40.7% IJC:ESW) was relatively low but was very high between SSW and SSC (73.9%). These results may have been due to differences in the abundance of food types and environmental conditions in the four localities and consequent differences in the diets of the sea squirts.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.312-322
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• 1999

동해 울릉분지 남서측 해양투기장해역의 퇴적환경을 밝히기 위하여 해저지형과 퇴적물 특성을 조사하였다. 울릉분지 남서측 외대륙붕에 위치한 해양투기장 정해역은 팔림세스트(palimpsest) 퇴적물과 니질퇴적물의 교호퇴적상이 두껍게 나타난다. 울릉분지 남서측 대륙사면에 위치한 병해역은 대륙붕단으로부터 사질퇴적물의 간헐적인 유입을 제외하고는 반원양성 입자들의 수직적인 집적에 의해서 유동성이 큰 니질퇴적물(fluidized mud)이 해저지형을 평행하게 피복한다. 정해역과 병해역에서의 시추퇴적물에서는 저서생물의 교란에 의한 생흔구조들이 다수 관찰되며, 이에 의해서 퇴적물의 수직적인 혼합이 우세하게 일어난다. 표층퇴적물은 잔류퇴적물의 재동에 의한 조립질의 팔림세스트와 세립질퇴적물의 상대적 함량, 분급도, 그리고 중광물 특성들에 의해서 네 종류의 사질퇴적물(S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4)과 두 종류의 니질퇴적물(M-1, M-2)로 구분된다. 사질퇴적물들은 대부분이 태풍 또는 폭풍우로 야기된 고에너지 환경하에서 잔류퇴적물로부터 제동된 것으로 해석된다. 이에 반해 니질 퇴적물은 낙동강에서 유입된 현생 퇴적물, 대륙붕에서 재동된 세립질퇴적물, 그리고 동한난류(East Sea Warm Current)에 의해서 뜬짐으로 공급되는 입자성 부유물질 등으로 다양한 기원을 가진다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

해상에서 1997년 1월부터 12월까지 맑은 날과 구름이 많은 대기상태에서 GMS-5에 장착된 VISSR(visible and infrared spin scan radiometer) 자료를 이용하여 $5km{\times}5km$ 격자의 공간 분해능에서 태양복사를 추정하였다. 섬에 설치되어 있는 기상청의 pyranometer 자료로 추정 일사량을 검증하였다. 추정된 시간별 일사량의 RMSE(root mean square error)는 $104W/m^2$이고, 상관계수는 0.91이었다. 한반도 부근의 해상에서 조사된 시간별 태양복사의 최대값은 황해와 동해에서 6월에 타나고, 남해에서는 8월에 나타나는데, 이는 6월에 저기압과 전선에 의한 기상 악화에 기인한다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.477-486
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 독도, 동도와 서도 연안에서 정밀 해저 지형과 해저면 영상 자료를 획득하여 해수면 아래에서 나타나는 해저 지형 및 해저면 환경 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 독도 섬 육지부와 바로 연장되는 동도와 서도 각 남부 연안 해역의 약 $250m{\times}250m$ 범위에서 정밀 수심 자료와 해저면 영상 자료를 획득하였다. 동도 남부 연안은 최대 수심 약 50 m 범위이며, 서도 남부 연안은 최대 수심 약 30 m 범위에 해당한다. 동도와 서도 연안은 섬 육지부에서부터 연장되는 모암이 해수면 아래로 그대로 이어져 해저면에서 큰 수중 암반 지대를 형성하고 있는데, 그 규모는 서도 남부 연안이 동도 연안에 비해 비교적 크게 나타난다. 동도와 서도 연안 모두 유사한 수중 암반 지대가 형성되어 있지만, 주변으로 형성된 해저면 환경은 동도와 서도 남부 연안에서 상이하게 나타나는 특징을 보이고 있다. 동도 남부 연안은 섬 육지부에서 기인한 크고 작은 암설들로 인해 형성된 테일러스(Talus) 형태의 해저면 환경이 수심 약 15 m 범위까지 형성된 특징을 보이며, 수중 암반 지대와 해저면의 경계면이 모호하게 형성되어 있다. 반면에 서도 남부 연안은 비교적 큰 규모의 수중 암반들과 고른 퇴적물이 분포하여 해저면과 접하고 있는 섬 육지부터 연장되는 암반들의 경계면이 확실하게 구분되는 특징을 보이고 있다. 이는 동도의 해안 절벽에 많이 노출되어 있는 응회암층이 풍화나 침식에 약하여, 서도 연안에 비해 섬 육지부로부터 운반된 쇄설성 퇴적물이 흘러내린 영향이 많은 것으로 판단되는데, 특히 동도는 서도에 비해 선착장이나 통행로 개설공사 등의 활동이 계속되어 섬 육지부의 지반 불안정과 단층, 절리, 균열이 높은 편으로 나타난 바 있다. 또한 과거 연구 결과들에서 동도와 서도에 나타나는 괴상 응회질 각력암층이 서로 다르게 형성되어 있음이 제시된 바 있는데, 이러한 요소가 동도와 서도 남부 연안 해저면에서 구별되어 나타나는 쇄설성 퇴적물 환경에 영향을 주었을 것으로 판단되며, 동도와 서도 남부 연안의 상이한 해저면 환경적 특성이 나타나는 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2017

Background: There have been many studies on the growth conditions of Zostera marina and Zostera japonica, but few studies have examined how spatial and temporal factors affect growth in established seagrass beds or the distribution range and shoot density. This study aims to clarify the factors that determine the temporal and spatial distribution of Zostera marina and Zostera japonica in the Seto Inland Sea east of Yamaguchi Prefecture. Methods: The study site is in Hiroshima Bay of the Seto Inland Sea, along the east coast of Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. We monitored by diving observation to confirm shoot density, presence or absence of both species and observed water temperature, salinity by sensor in study sites. Results: The frequency of occurrence of Zostera marina was high in all seasons, even in water depths of D.L. + 1 to -5 m ($80{\pm}34%$ to $89{\pm}19%$; mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation), but lower (as low as $43{\pm}34%$) near the breakwall, where datum level was 1 to 2 m, and it was further reduced in datum level -5 m and deeper. The frequency of occurrence of Zostera japonica was highest in water with a datum level of +1 to 0 m. However, in datum level of 0 m or deeper, it became lower as the water depth became deeper. Datum level +1 m to 0 m was an optimal water depth for both species. The frequency of occurrence and the shoot density of both species showed no negative correlation. In 2011, the daily mean water temperature was $10^{\circ}C$ or less on more days than in other years and the feeding damage by S. fuscescens in the study sites caused damage at the tips. Conclusions: We considered that the relationship between these species at the optimal water depth was not competitive, but due to differences in spatial distribution, Zostera marina and Zostera japonica do not influence each other due to temperature conditions and feeding damage and other environmental conditions. Zostera japonica required light intensity than Zostera marina, and the water depth played an important role in the distribution of both species.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2007

The structure of the nematodes communities has been studied in the sediments on two sites located outside and under the layer of Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (Kanno and Matsubara 1932; Makijenko 1970). Bottom sediments at the stations were represented by sands with a different degree of silting. Specific structure of nematodes at the stations was significantly different under the similar environmental conditions (water depth, dissolved oxygen saturation, salinity, temperature of the bottom layer and organic carbon content inside of the sediment). Nematodes dominated (75.7 %) in meiobenthos community under the layer of A. tobuchiensis where concentration of silt particles was 12 %. Representatives of the family Comesomatidae were dominant. Low index of species diversity and high Simpson domination index were detected in this community. Under a layer of A. tobuchiensis with the thickness of 30 cm concentration of the silt particles was 5.39 %; nematodes density was low and made 32.1 % of the general density of meiobenthos. Species of the families Xyalidae and Monoposthiidae were dominant. Outside of A. tobuchiensis, field percentage of silt particles was minimal (3.1 %) and representatives of families Cyatholaimidae and Axonolaimidae dominated. The specific structure of nematodes in this type of the ground is characterized by high index of species diversity and low level of domination.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.587-594
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• 2010

The positive and negative opinion to cargo demand of Incheon's SAMT in the near future remains cloudy. Considering port and shipping environmental changes and the logistics situation of China which explains the lack of facilities in Chinese airports, the creating of SAMT cargoes of the Incheon region could catches a favorable opportunity to be a logistics hub in the North-East Asia. On the other hand, as open-sky policy and direct-call service has been carried out between China and N.A.(North America), Incheon could cause a loss of competitiveness in SAMT because the enhancement in the aspect of the connectivity of Chinese airlines and shipping lines makes customer sent to last destination their cargoes whenever they want. In the same context, this paper analyses on conditions of domestic and international SAMT and proposes in this uncertainty future forecasting of SAMT of Incheon by scenario planning according to changes in integrated SAMT, measuring the likelihood of final scenario. This study shows the Sea & Air multi-transport volume will have either slight increase or decrease from the current condition. Consequently, RFS expansion and system & service improvement through strong ties with major cities in China will be required in a short run aspect. Nonetheless, we also need to take domestic & international transportation environment into account in the long run.