• KIEAE Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.91-97
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• 2007

This research examines the characteristics of the "rammed earth form" based on the criteria for the selection of forms. For this purpose, the paper first reviews the characteristics and orientation of the earth-construction and looks into the outline, the prerequisite, the current status and the tendency of the rammed earth form system through previous studies. Consequently, we aims to contribute to the criteria for the selection of rammed earth forms in the future through a comparative analysis of the construction cost, quality, safety and easiness of works between the veneer board form and the euroform, which are most widely used at earth housing project in the domestic country. The results reveals that the euroform is better than the veneer board with 21% of total cost in the cost analysis. But this better than that in the side of easiness of construction. In both cases, the buckling of wall panel form and the labor-oriented characteristics of the methods are the future research issues in the rammed earth form system.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the legislation types and prescriptions of American earth building codes. The process of this study is as follows: (1) To understand the legislation background of American earth building codes, this study investigated the history and present state of earth building techniques which is used in USA. (2) To understand the legislation method and procedure of American earth building codes, this study investigated the legislation system of American building codes and the process of model building codes development and adoption. (3) To provide basic data for the legislation of Korean earth building codes or guidelines, this study analyzed American earth building codes about adobe, compressed earth block and rammed earth. The result of this study is as follows: (1) To meet need of a single coordinated set of national model building codes in the United States, the nation's three model code groups decided to form the International Code Council and the first edition of the International Building Code was published in 1997. In the International Building Code there are prescriptions on adobe construction. (2) There are three legislation types of earth building codes in USA. First is to use prescriptions of International Building Code on adobe construction. Second is that State governments establish and issue a separate document under its own title. The last is that local jurisdictions adopt International Building Code with amendments or additional rules. (3) On the base of analysis of American earth building codes, this study proposed the legislation process and direction of Korean earth building codes and guidelines.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.568-583
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• 2015

In this paper, the conceptual design procedure and results of Earth observation satellite through Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) are described. The conceptual design equations for major parameters are developed based on the established database of Earth observation satellite so far. The MDO conceptual design tool for Earth observation satellite was developed by applying the Collaborative Optimization (CO) architecture amongst several MDO architecture techniques available today. The objective for this research was set to minimize the total mass of satellite as well as satisfy all design constraints by utilizing the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm. Eventually the effectiveness of MDO conceptual design tool was verified through proposing a comparison between the conceptual design results with MDO applied and the design specification of ASNARO-1 & IKONOS-2 Earth observation satellite.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.64-72
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• 2004

This study analyses influences on partial work rates under whole work rates on landscape constructions in Ulsan Grand Park. The schedule management is one of the factors that are very important to the process management of landscape construction. The time process of the whole construction is supposed to be affected by several kinds of work that organize the whole construction. First, this study divides the construction of Ulsan Grand Park into 10 kinds of works: earth work, rain and sanitary sewage water work, water-supplying work, planting work, paving work, water proofing work, fountain work, instituting work and temporary work. Then the time-process curves of all kinds of work are statistically compared to that of the whole construction. The trial methods of statistics are lineal regression, non-lineal regression, and principal analysis. In the result of the non-lineal regression, the rain and sanitary sewage water work, the water-supplying work and the earth work strongly affected the whole construction. The principal analysis results show that the whole construction is affected strongly by the water-supplying work, the rain and sanitary sewage water work and the earth work. However the lineal regression is shown to be senseless because of its high collinearity.

• Journal of the Regional Association of Architectural Institute of Korea
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

Heidegger's speculation on "Disclosure" makes it possible to know on image expression fundamentally. "Disclosure" means that the 'earth' and the 'world' are not fixed into one, but harmonize dynamically with each other under continuous mutual tension and mutual support. When they are well-weaved with each other, the two ways are collectively defined as "disclosure Image". In regard to the technique, the study analyzed 'allegory' and 'reactivation'. The former refers to showing image potentially, while the latter means embodying and revealing image apparently. Le Corbusier's late Architecture provides a simultaneous reactivation of various images through continuous cross-weaving rather than being inclined to either the earth or the world.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2013

According to climate change, deficiency of usable land, large water portion of the Earth surface, and improvement of income level, floating architecture is emerging as a strong & attractive alternative. The aim of this study is to suggest some related applying ways for new building projects around waterside. New paradigm of architecture can be described as a new model and/or system of architecture with new concept and Zeitgeist like sustainability and green building. Floating building is already a new paradigm of architecture comparing with the preconception of building only on the land and current building regulations. New paradigm features from the sample projects can be summarized as new concepts of building, application of various renewable energy resources(water, solar, wind), modular construction, use of local raw material, dual purpose usage, long term and relocatable usage, and special building materials for green building.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

Ecological architecture enables people to recycle and reuse architectural resources within the category of ecosystem and also to minimize the effect on environment in a whole process, including architectural planning, usage and exhaustion to use sustainable energies. Rammed earth wall construction method utilized in EcoCenter located in Crystalwaters ecological village in Austrailia is a good example, which maximizes its advantages and also covers its limits to use soil and wood as structural resources. In a case of wood, they used non-treated timber to minimize environmental load and utilized used materials in openings. In the roofs, aluminum coated steel which is plated with zinc collects rain effectively even though it is not regenerable. Nontoxic finishes and insulation in floor and ceiling with used papers are able to minimize its environmental load. Solar energy system applied in EcoCenter enables them to market extra energy with electricity companies as well as support needs of its own buildings to utilize photovoltaic panel system with PV panels. Passive solar system is planned effectively in heating and cooling to apply regenerative walls in a use of rammed earth wall construction and natural ventilation systems through openings.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

Results from tests for what mixing rate of soil and sand is proper for the rammed earth and for how much additives are optimum are as under. 1) In the test to evaluate what mixing rate of soil and sand is desirable, peptizing property and surface sticking rate are found similar in its degree, but compression strength is found most stable when the ratio of soil and sand mixing shows 30:70 which indicates the best mixing rate of soil and sand. 2) In a test to add hydrated lime, compression strength, peptizing property, and surface sticking rate are found best when the mixing rate of soil and sand shows 23:7. 3) In a test to add sea weeds, the peptizing property goes down at 75% of sea weeds input a little bit more than at 100%, but compression strength shows best at 75% which is thought to be the best rate. 4) In a drop test, more soil powder mixed, the sticking strength gets better and more sands are contained, the sticking strength gets far worse to be scattered in powder type. 5) As concluding all results mentioned in the above item, the most desirable mixing rate of soil, sand, and hydrated lime is found to be 23:7:70 for the rammed earth where compression strength, peptizing property, and surface sticking rate are best.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.375-378
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• 2006

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.1 s.41
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• pp.151-183
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• 2005

All architecture in the history were based on a certain concept of architectural unit that functioned as a base model of architectural design. As we know, such model was not the same in the East and the West, and therefore, their architectures are not the same. This paper aims to identify how and why such base model of the two cultural area are different. As one way of discussing this issue, the concept of particle and field, as two representative idea of the West and East respectively, the employed. This kind of discussion can not follow the way of scientific verification as method of argument. However, the understanding of such concept of unit model is crucial for the understanding of the architecture of the culture in general. In basic sense, the tradition of Western architecture is rooted in the model of particle, where, architecture is conceived to be as a independent unit standing on earth as if it is a box like object. While, the tradition of Eastern architecture is rooted in the model field, where, architecture is conceived to be a part of field organization. In present days, we are used to the model of particle as if it is the only possible model of architecture. But, in fact, what man need to achieve in their architecture and city, is the balance between the two models.