• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.17
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• pp.71-77
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• 1999

The study aimed to identify effect of shading rate and duration on the growth and flowering of Lilium species in faring culture. Plant height of 'Gelria' and 'Casablanca' increased by higher shading at early growth stage, whereas that of 'Jolanda' and 'Dream Land' decreased. Also, plant height of 3 cultivars except 'Gelria' were longer by higher shading at whole growth stage, that of 'Gelria' was shorter as compared to in untreated plants. In cultivar 'Gelria', blasting increased and days to flowering shorted in higher shading only except 100% shading treatment at early growth stage. In 100% shading treatment, Blasting of 'Jolanda' was occurred 15.7% and the number of flower buds of 'Dream Land' and 'Casablanca' were reduced. Flower buds of 'Gelria' were not induceded in continued shading condition regardless of shading degree, the number of flower buds and flower size of 'Jolanda' and 'Dream Land' was reduced by 75% and 50% shading, respectively and in 'Casablanca', days to flowering was longer by shading at whole growth stage. Growth of daughter bulbs in 'Gelria', 'Jolanda' and 'Dream Land' was not influenced by shading at early growth stage but those of 'Casablanca' was inactive. Whereas that of 4 cultivars were inactive in continused shading condition.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.191-201
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• 1995

Transcriptional activation of the embryonic genome initiates at 2-cell stage in mouse embryo and is characterized by the synthesis of TRC which is restricted to 2-cell stage. To investigate the roles of various protein kinases on the embryonic gene activation, the effects of protein kinase inhibitors on in vitro development and protein synthetic profiles of the early mouse embryos were examinded. None of ${\alpna}-amanitin$ which is a mRNA synthetic inhibitor, H8 which is a PKA inhibitor, and H7 which is a PKC inhibitor, affected on first cleavage of mouse 1-cell embryos in vitro. However, all of these drugs inhibited the second cleavage. When the drugs were removed following treatment for 6 hours, H8 or H7 treatment showed little inhibition on subsequent development of 1-cell embryos to 2-cell stage or further. In contrast, ${\alpna}-amanitin$ irreversibly inhibited the development of 1-cell embryos to 2-cell stage following removal of the drug. Genistein, a TPK inhibitor, inhibited both the first cleavage of 1-cell embryos and the second cleavage of 2-cell embryos, suggesting that TPK activity may be important during the early cleavages. All of the above four drugs inhibited TRC synthesis as shown by the fluorographic analysis of $[^{35}S]-Met$ labeled protein profiles. When late 1-cell embryos were treated with H7 and analyzed synthetic patterns of $[^{35}S]-Met$ labeled protein, the quantitative differences of protein synthesis on SDS-PAGE appeared on 77 kD and 33 kD region at $32{\sim}38$ hours post hCG. From these studies, transcriptional activation of embryonic genome is not essenting to the mouse 1-cell embryos to develop to 2-cell stage. Hawever, TPK activity is reguisite for both the first cleavage and second cleavage. Similarly, both PKC and PKA activities are required for the second cleavage of mouse embryos, but not for the first cleavage.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2000

The effects of salting methods on sensory and microbiological properties of Kakdugi were evaluated during fermentation at 10$\^{C}$ for up to 52 days. Kakdugi samples were prepared by 4 different salting methods at the final salt concentration about 1.5%, which was appropriate for organoleptic quality. The salting methods for radish cubes(2cm size) of Kakdugi included; 1) Treatment S-1: spraying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, at the concentration of about 1.5%(w/w) and cured for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: spraying dry salt uniformly onto the radish cubes, at the concentration of about 1.2%(w/w) and cured for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5%(w/v) salt solution and cured for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0%(w/v) salt solution and cured for 5 hr. During the early stage of fermentation, sensory test showed higher scores in the overall acceptability of Kakdugi prepared with salting methods S-1 and S-5 than those with B-1 and B-5. However, the trend of acceptability has been reversed by the treatments B-1 and, more notably, by B-5 at the later stage of fermentation. The counts of lactic acid bacteria increased remarkably and then decreased gradually after the optimum ripening period. The major lactic acid bacteria isolated and identified from Kakdugi were Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Lactobacillus.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-90
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide basic understandings for proper management of zoysiagrass fairways. Mowing intervals of 2, 4 and 6-days, with and without aeration were compared at two fertility levels. Turfgrass quality, growth and pest infestation were evaluated. Turf density, number of tillers, leaf width and resiliency were significantly affected by mowing frequency. Turfgrass plots mowed every 2-day had greater density, tillering, and resiliency but had narrower leaf width compared to other mowing treatments. Clipping dry weight with every 2-day mowing increased in the early stage of mowing treatment regardless of fertilizer application rates but gradually decreased in the later stage of mowing treatment compared to every 4 or 6-day mowings. The dry weight of above-ground part was not affected by mowing frequency, but that of underground part was significantly higher for every 6-day mowing frequency(3.3kg/day/m2) compared to every 2 or 4-day mowings. The organic mater content in soil was not different among mowing treatments but it was significantly reduced by the core aerification treatment, indicating significant effect of core aerification on thatch decomposition. Occurrences of weeds such as annual bluegrass and crabgrass according to mowing frequency were greater in every 2-day mowing treatment, while plots mowed every 6 days had less weed occurrence. Occurrence of rusts significantly increased in high fertility plots and frequently mowed turfgrasses.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.730-744
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• 1987

From Nov. 1980 to Jun. 1987, 270 primary lung cancer patients were operated on at the department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. There Were 223 males & 47 females with 55.5 years of mean age. There were 151 [55.9%] squamous cell ca., 43 [18.8%] adenoca., 8 [3.5%] undiff. large cell, 9 [3.9%] undiff. small cell ca. & 18 [7.9%] mixed type, and also composed of 65 [28.3%] stage I, 31 [13.5%] stage II and 133 [58.1%] of stage III cases. They received 78 [34.1%] lobectomies, 62 [27.1%] pneumonectomies and 60 [26.2%] exploratory thoracotomies with 70% resectability rate. The five year actuarial survival rate of all patients was 37%. According to TNM stage, five year survival rate of the patients in stage I was 71%, those of stage II was 29% and of stage III 21%. According to histological cell type, five year actuarial survival rate of the squamous cell ca. was 35%, of adenoca. 49%, of undiff. large cell. 22%, 2 year survival rate of undiff. small cell was 31% and 3 year survival rate of mixed type was 47%. Hospital death was 2 case with a 1.3% early postop. mortality rate.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2020

We investigated the effects of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor and antioxidant treatments during the micromanipulation of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) on in vitro development of SCNT embryos. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress inhibitor and vitamin C (Vit. C), an antioxidant, were treated by alone or in combination, then, the level of X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) splicing and the expressions of ER stress-associated genes, oxidative stress-related genes, and apoptotic genes were confirmed in the 1-cell and blastocyst stages. In the 1-cell stage, the levels of Xbp1 splicing were significantly decreased in TUDCA and Vit. C treatment groups compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the expression levels of most ER stress-associated genes and oxidative stress-related genes were significantly lower in all treatment groups than the control (p<0.05), and the transcript levels of apoptotic genes were also significantly lower in all treatment groups than the control (p<0.05). In the blastocyst stage, decreased expression of ER stress-, oxidative stress-, and apoptosis-related genes were observed only in some treatments. However, the blastocyst formation rates in TUDCA and Vit. C treatment groups (24.8% and 22.0%, respectively) and mean blastocyst cell number in all treatment groups (59.7±4.3 to 63.5±3.3) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of control. The results showed that the TUDCA or Vit. C treatment during micromanipulation inhibited both ER and oxidative stresses in the early stage of SCNT embryos, thereby reducing cell damage and promoting in vitro development.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3459-3463
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women in Cambodia, a low income country in South-East Asia. The Sihanouk Hospital Centre of Hope (SHCH) is a charity hospital set up by an international non-governmental organisation, HOPE Worldwide. In 2008, SHCH partnered with AmeriCares, a global health organisation to set up and deliver a breast cancer programme to provide education, diagnosis and treatment for women with breast cancer. The objective of this study is to characterise the presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of women treated under this program. Materials and Methods: A total of 215 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer from 1 March 2008 until 31 March 2011 were studied. Age at diagnosis, tumour size, histological type, tumour grade, ER, lymph node involvement, treatment modalities (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy) were recorded. Data on mortality at 3 years were obtained whenever possible. Results: The median age was 47 years old. Some 77.8% were diagnosed with stage 3 and 4 lesions, and 78.5% underwent mastectomy, of which 28.4% the intent was palliative. Of those whose ER status were known, only 48.3% were ER positive. Only 6 patients could afford chemotherapy while only 1 patient had radiotherapy. Hormone therapy was provided free for those who were ER positive. The overall survival rate at 3 years was 39.1%. Conclusions: Breast cancer presents at a late stage, and because treatment is suboptimal, survival is poor in Cambodia. A more aggressive approach to early detection and treatment needs to be developed to improve outcome from this potentially curable disease.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2014

Objective : Early decompressive craniectomy (DC) has been used as the first stage treatment to prevent secondary injuries in cases of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Postoperative management is the major factor that influences outcome. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of postoperative management, using intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and including consecutive DC on the other side, on the two-week mortality in severe TBI patients treated with early DC. Methods : Seventy-eight patients with severe TBI [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score <9] underwent early DC were retrospectively investigated. Among 78 patients with early DC, 53 patients were managed by conventional medical treatments and the other, 25 patients were treated under the guidance of ICP monitoring, placed during early DC. In the ICP monitoring group, consecutive DC on the other side were performed on 11 patients due to a high ICP of greater than 30 mm Hg and failure to respond to any other medical treatments. Results : The two-week mortality rate was significantly different between two groups [50.9% (27 patients) and 24% (6 patients), respectively, p=0.025]. After adjusting for confounding factors, including sex, low GCS score, and pupillary abnormalities, ICP monitoring was associated with a 78% lower likelihood of 2-week mortality (p=0.021). Conclusion : ICP monitoring in conjunction with postoperative treatment, after early DC, is associated with a significantly reduced risk of death.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4957-4961
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• 2014

Background: Head and neck cancer without distant metastases is amenable to various modalities of treatment. However, the stage at presentation is a very important determinant for treatment success. The present study was conducted to determine the stage-wise presentation of non-metastatic head and neck cancer patients from the hilly regions in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand, India. Materials and Methods: The hospital records for non-metastatic head and neck cancer patients from the only functional cancer centre of the region for the period of two-years (January 2012-December 2013) were included. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was excluded due to its staging system being different. Non-squamous histopathologies were also excluded. Patients hailing from nearby regions of Uttar Pradesh and Nepal were excluded, as were patients from non-hilly regions of Kumaon. Results: Of the 271 patients of head and neck cancer, 27 with distant metastases at diagnosis were excluded from the analysis. Of the 244 eligible patient records, 90.1% (n=222) were male, and 9.9% (n=22) were female. The proportions of patients with carcinoma of the larynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx and maxillary antrum were 31.9% (n=78), 27.9% (n=68), 20.5% (n=50), 12.7% (n=31) and 1.2% (n=3). A further 5.7% (n=14) were diagnosed as having secondary involvement of neck nodes with unknown primaries. The proportion of patients presenting in stages I, II, III, IVA and IVB were 0.8% (n=2), 2.5% (n=6), 9.4% (n=23), 51.6% (n=126) and 35.7% (n=87) respectively. Conclusions: An abysmally low proportion (3.3%) of non-metastatic head and neck cancer patients presented in the early stages (I and II). A vast majority of the patients (88.1%) presented with stages IVA and IVB. Not only does this reflect a poor therapeutic outlook, but also exposes the dire need for programmes focusing on cancer awareness and early detection in the region.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4693-4697
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• 2013

Background: Malignant transformation arising in mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is one of the most serious complications of MCT. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant change. Some clinical findings such as advanced age group and large tumor size are significant risk factors of malignant transformation. This study was conducted in order to evaluate characteristics, cell types, treatment and outcome of malignant transformation arising from dermoid cysts in our institution. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed. General characteristics, operative data, procedure, operative finding and operative outcome were analyzed. Statistical assessment was performed with SPSS version 17.0, using mean, mode, median and percentage to describe those data. Results: During the 10 years period, 11 cases of malignant transformation from a total of 753 cases (1.46% incidence) of MCT were reviewed. Mean age of the patients was 41.2 years (SD 4.34, range 24-70). The most common presenting symptom was a palpable mass (8 cases; 72.7%). Primary surgical staging was performed in 4 patients (36.4%). Re-staging was conducted in the other 4. Complete cytoreduction was obtained in 45.5% (5 cases) and optimal surgical resection was obtained in 36.4% (4 cases). Mean tumor size was 14.1 cm. (SD 1.55, range 6-20). Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 36.4% (4 cases) and mucinous cancer in the other 4. More than half of them were stage Ia (54.5%, 6 cases). All patients whose stage more than Ia received chemotherapy (45.5%). Mean disease free survival was 5.53 years (1.32, 0.3-10). Conclusion: According to our study, the incidence of malignant transformation was consistent with previous studies. The common malignant transformation histologic types are both squamous and mucinous carcinoma which differed from previous reports. Early detection for early stage disease and optimal surgery are important for long term survival.