• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.241-251
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• 2010

Crucian carp (Carassius auratus) has been used as the sentinel species for POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants) monitoring in aquatic environment. However, there is little information for dioxin toxicity and especially, early life stage toxicity in crucian carp have been never carried out. In this study, we investigated several toxic effects for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) in fertilized egg obtained by natural fertilization from crucian carp. The embryos at 3 h post-fertilization (hpf) were treated with 0.039, 0.156, 0.625, and 2.5 (${\mu}g/L$) TCDD by waterborne exposure for 60 minutes and changed with fresh water 2 times per day. Fertilized eggs started hatching at 51 hpf and TCDD exposed embryo showed decrease of hatching rate in a dose-dependent manner at 75 hpf. Pericardial edema was continuously observed in larvae exposed to TCDD from hatching start time (51 hpf), followed by the onset of mortality. In addition, AhR-related gene, CYP1A was clearly increased by TCDD in a dose dependent manner. These results indicated that fertilized eggs obtained from crucian carp have the TCDD related gene regulation and a distinct TCDD developmental toxicity syndrome by TCDD exposure. Therefore, we suggested that early life stage test in crucian carp could be used as test methods on dioxins toxicity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

In this study, we obtained the fertilized eggs from goldfish(Carassius auratus) and observed normal developmental stage(from fertilized eggs to larvae) in non-exposed groups. Goldfish embryos at 3 h postfertilization(hpf) were statically exposed for 1 h to either dimethylsufoxide(DMSO, 0.1%, v/v) or TCDD($0.5{\mu}g/L$). Toxicity and morphological changes were characterized from 3 to 120 h postfertilization(hpf). Egg mortality($0{\sim}48$ hpf) and hatching ratio($72{\sim}83$ hpf) in TCDD-exposed group were significantly different from control groups. However, pericardial edema was first observed at 72 hpf, followed by the onset of yolk sac edema and mortality. In addition, goldfish embryos-larvae exposed to TCDD significantly increased TCDD-related gene such as CYP1A($24{\sim}72$ hpf) and AhR2(72 hpf). This is the first study about in-depth characterization of TCDD-induced developmental toxicity in goldfish(Carassius auratus).

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2004

우리나라에서 널리 사용되고 있는 벼재배용 살충제인 carbosulfan과 phenthoate의 담수어에 미치는 급 만성적 영향을 알아보고자 송사리(Oryzias latipes, Medaka)에 대한 급성독성시험(Acute Toxicity Test)과 생육초기 독성시험(Early-life Stage Toxicity Test)을 실시하였다. 급성독성시험 결과 carbosulfan과 phenthoate의 송사리에 대한 96시간 $LC_{50}$은 0.102, 0.167 mg/L로 비슷한 감수성을 보였다. 생육초기 독성시험 결과 carbosulfan의 경우 부화율은 80%이상, 부화기간은 $9\sim10$일로 나타나 처리구간 유의성이 없었다. 처리농도 0.042 mg/L이상에서는 부화후 생존율이 통계적으로 유의한(p<0.05) 차이를 보였으며, 척추가 휘어지는 형태적으로 비정상적인 결과가 관찰되었다. 시험 종료후 생존한 송사리의 전장 및 체중 변화는 농도 상관성을 보였으며, 특히 0.017 mg/L이상에서는 대조구에 비해 유의한(p<0.05) 감소를 나타내었다. 따라서 이런 결과를 근거로 한 무영향농도(NOEC), 최저영향농도(LOEC), 그리고 최대허용농도(MATC)는 각각 0.0067, 0.017, 0.011 mg/L으로 산출하였다. phenthoate 처리구의 부화율과 부화기간은 처리 농도간 유의성이 없었으나, 부화후 생존율은 처리농도 0.076 mg/L 이상에서 유의한(p<0.05) 차이를 보였다. 또한 처리농도 0.076 mg/L 이상에서는 척추기형과 유영이상을 보이는 이상어가 나타났다. 그러나 시험 종료후 송사리 전장 및 체중의 변화는 통계적인 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 농도 상관성도 보이지 않았다. 따라서 이런 결과를 종합하여 NOEC, LOEC, 그리고 MATC는 각각 0.011, 0.029, 0.018 mg/L으로 결정되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2000

넙치의 초기생활사에 있어서의 해양 오염물질의 급성독성을 알아보았는데, 수정란 및 부화 직후의 넙치 자어에 미치는 급성독성 영향은 Aroclor 1254> 제초제 바스타액>HgCl2>CdCl2 순이었으며, 수정 란보다는 자어에 대한 영향이 더 크게 나타났다. 이때, 넙치 수정란에 독성물질을 처리하였을 때의 부화 율은 처리 농도에 의존적인 경향을 나타내었으며, 높은 처리 농도에서 부화하여 기형으로 발생한 개체 는 곧 죽었고, 난황 흡수율도 독성 물질의 처리 농도가 높을수록 낮은 경향을 보였다. Aroclor 1254, 바 스타액, HgCl2 및 CdCl2의 72시간 반수치사농도는 넙치 수정란에 대하여 각각 15.5 ng/L, 21 nL/L, 17 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L 및 29 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L이었으며, 부화 직후의 자어에 대해서는 각각 3.5 ng/L, 16.0 nL/L, 10.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L 및 15.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L 이었다. 일반적으로 알려진 해양오염물질의 반수치사농도는 어패류의 성체를 대상으로 조사한 경 우가 많은데, 실제 해양 환경에 있어서는 수산생물의 초기 생활사에 미치는 해양 독성물질의 영향을 조 사하여 해양 독성물질의 규제 농도를 정해야 할 것이다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2015

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) represents a consolidated treatment option for patients with medically inoperable early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The clinical evidence accumulated in the past decade supports its use as an alternative to surgery with comparable survival outcomes. Due to its limited toxicity, SBRT is also applicable to elderly patients with very poor baseline pulmonary function or other severe comorbidities. Recent comparative studies in operable patients raised the issue of the possible use of SBRT also for this subgroup, with quite promising results that still should be fully confirmed by prospective trials with long-term follow-up. Aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the major studies conducted over the years on SBRT and to provide data on the efficacy and toxicity of this radiotherapy technique for stage I NSCLC. Technical aspects and quality of life related issues are also discussed, with the goal to provide information on the current role and limitations of SBRT in clinical practice.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.254-260
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• 2007

우리나라에서 널리 사용되고 있는 제초제인 뷰타클로르의 어류에 대한 독성영향을 알아보고자 송사리(Oryzias latipes, Medaka)의 생육단계별 급성 독성시험(acute toxicity test)과 송사리 수정란을 이용하여 초기생활사 독성시험(early-life stage toxicity test)을 수행하였다. 급성 독성시험결과 부화 후 1일, 1주, 2주, 2개월 그리고 5개월 된 송사리의 96시간 반수치 농도($LC_{50}$)는 각각 0.68, 0.52, 0.38, 1.09 그리고 $0.45\;mg\;L^{-1}$으로 부화 후 2주된 치어가 가장 높은 감수성을 보였다. 초기생활사 독성시험결과, 부화기간은 $7{\sim}8$일, 부화율은 87%이상으로 모든 시험구에서 통계적으로 대조구와 유의성이 없었다. 그러나 부화후 생존율은 0.05와 $0.1\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 농도에서 90% 유의수준(p<0.1)에서 통계적으로 대조구와 유의성이 있었다. 이상어 발생율은 0.025, 0.05 그리고 $0.1\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 농도에서 각각 2.1, 2.3 그리고 10%이었고 척추기형과 안면이상 및 난황 흡수가 지연되는 비정상적인 형태를 보였다. 시험 종료 후 생존한 송사리의 전장 및 무게 감소는 농도 상관성을 보였으며, 특히 송사리의 무게는 $0.05\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 농도에서는 90% 유의수준(p<0.1)에서 통계적으로 대조구와 유의성이 있었고, $0.1\;mg\;L^{-1}$ 농도에서는 95% 유의수준(p<.0.05)에서 통계적으로 대조구에 비해 유의성 있는 감소를 보여 송사리 성장 인자 중 전장보다는 무게가 민감한 독성지표로 판단되었다. 이런 결과를 근거로 하여 최저영향농도(LDEC), 무영향농도(NOEC) 그리고 최대허용농도(MATC)는 각각 0.025, 0.013, $0.018\;mg\;L^{-1}$로 산출하였다.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2022

Norflurazon is widely used on agricultural lands and has a high potential to pollute water sources. However, its effects on fish have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of our study was to determine whether norflurazon adversely affects the developmental stage of zebrafish, which are frequently used as a model system to evaluate the environmental impact of pollutants. Norflurazon interfered with the hatching of zebrafish embryos and induced several sublethal deformities including body length reduction, increased yolk sac volume, and enlargement of the pericardial region. We further examined the cardiotoxicity of norflurazon in the flk1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish line. The vascular network, mainly in the brain region, was significantly disrupted in norflurazon-exposed zebrafish. In addition, due to the failure of cardiac looping, norflurazon-exposed zebrafish had an abnormal cardiac structure. These developmental abnormalities were related to the apoptotic process triggered by norflurazon. Overall, the present study demonstrated the non-target toxicity of norflurazon by analyzing the hazardous effects of norflurazon on developing zebrafish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2013

We investigated the toxicological effects of Aroclor 1254 on the fertilized eggs, embryos and larvae of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The survival rate and hatching success of the embryos decreased significantly in treated groups in an Aroclor 1254-dose-dependent manner. Significant differences were found at ${\geq}5{\mu}g/L$ Aroclor 1254 compared to the control group. Hatching success occurred at ${{\leq}}10{\mu}g/L$ Aroclor 1254, which was not significantly different to the control. Embryo malformation increased significantly at ${\geq}1{\mu}g/L$, and included yolk-sac and tail-flexure abnormalities. There was a significant decrease in the survival rate of the larvae at ${\geq}5{\mu}g/L$, which was accompanied by the malformations described above. Notably, concentrations as low as $1{\mu}g/L$ caused a significant increase in abnormalities in the larvae, including incidences of multi-focal hemorrhages, pericardial and yolk-sac edema, inhibition of swim bladder inflation and severe developmental delay. The responses to Aroclor 1254-induced toxicity were generally similar among fertilized eggs, embryos and larvae from three separate flounder hatcheries: Cheju Island, Yeosu and Chungnam, South Korea. These results indicate the high acute toxicity of Arolcor 1254 concentrations of which as low as $1{\mu}g/L$ in olive flounder larvae can affect unhatched embryos. To conclude, the average $LC_{50}$ values for Aroclor 1254 in the embryos and larvae were 50.92 and $3.08{\mu}g/L$, respectively. Additionally, the average $EC_{50}$ values, based on the rate of damage were 14.72 and 5.6$1{\mu}g/L$, respectively.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2002

Stink bug, Canthecona furcellatta (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important predator of silkworm larvae. Nymphs and adult attack the early stage silkworm larvae and causes about 10-15 per cent loss to silk industry. Synthetic organic pesticides has tremendous impact on minimizing the pest population but repeated and frequent use has created problems of residual toxicity, development of resistance to insecticides, pest resurgence and out break, phyto-toxicity and hazards to non target species and beneficial organism. Silkworms are very sensitive to pesticides; therefore, attempt has made to control the bug population through introduction of its native natural enemies in the silkworm-rearing field. Biological control has tremendous scope in sericulture because it is eco-friendly in nature and non-harmful farmers. Native natural enemies have been screened. Psix striaticeps, Trissolcus spp. and Telenomus spp. have been recorded as the most potential parasitoid against pentatomid bug. Life cycle, sex ratio and other various attributes of the par-asitoids have been recorded. The parasitization potential of the parasitoid is very high and they have the ability to discriminate between parasitized and unpar-asitized host. Mass propopagation technique under laboratory condition has been standaydized.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.118-125
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• 1985

농약의 만성어독성을 평가하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 제초제인 butachlor에 대하여 송사리 (Oryzias latipes)을 대상으로 하여 90일간 아급성 어독성 실험을 실시하였고 또한 만성독성 평가를 위한 생물학적 검정어류로써 송사리의 타당성을 제고한 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 송사리는 우리나라에서 고르게 분포하고 있는 소형 민물고기로써 시험기간중 대조군 등에서 산란 및 부화가 이루어져 풍부한 생물학적 자료와 함께 농약에 대한 만성 어독성 평가에 적합하다고 사료된다. 2) Butachlor의 0.16 ppm 처리군은 약간의 길이 성장감소와 산란된 수정란의 부화율이 감소되는 경향을 나타내었고, 0.04ppm과 0.01 ppm의 butachlor 처리군에서는 대조군과 비교할 때 별 다른 영향을 받지 않았음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 고로, butachlor는 송사리에서 0.04${\sim}$0. 16ppm의 MATC 값을 갖는 것으로 사료되며 또한 실험기간중 DO와 pH및 온도를 매일 측정한 결과 송사리에 영향을 주지 않았음이 입증되었다.