• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.14 no.5 s.52
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• pp.10-17
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• 2005

This Study is concerned with the acceptance of Western timber structure and the interior space of church buildings in the early modern period in Korea. Timber roofs have represented a wide variety of constructional forms and have been fundamental to any technological appraisal of the evolution of both of Western and Eastern architecture. Especially the roof structure of the church buildings reflects the technological level, aesthetic sense, and spacial concepts of the age. Between Western timber structure and Korean timber structure, there are many differences in not only structural form but also form of roof, members, load, frame system and etc. And there were various types of framing technique such as timber truss, timber arch, timber vault in the western style church architecture in the early modern period in Korea. I have summarized the character of the acceptance process of Western timber structure and the influences on the interior space of church buildings.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.77-91
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• 2001

Remembering a meaning of fashion started in the early 20C, Paul Poiret is one of the most important designer. If so, what does his achievements and assessment his costume design have to be？ That is the spirit of his design. Through the creation of the new style which is totally different from a period before, introduction of the vivid color, the new line and the enthusiasm of the fashion business, he showed the roll and the possibility of the modern designer. In Poiret's women's costume, harmonious beauty of women could be discovered in beautiful color which was not used in the 19th and elegance line. Furthermore, in the creation of the color and style, he got a strong influence by the art of early 20C's Europe. This was an opportunity that todays fashion has treated as a part of the or her art, and many modern designers are contacting with the art. The excellent ability in the fashion business has the composite as total fashion. Fashion business including perfumes, cosmetics furnitures, accessories is a model for most designers who follows him.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2005

In Korea, there still exist a number of modern architectural structures which were built from 1876 - when Korea first opened its port to foreign trade - to the early 1960s. Modern architectures have been rather neglected from the study of Korean architecture history partly because of its short period and negative attitude toward them that they are remains of the Japanese colonial period. However, interest in modern structures is recently increasing, and researches and studies are actively going on. This dissertation is a study on brick laying techniques and design characteristics of Modern brick structure churches in Jeonbuk-province. The results demonstrate that modern brick structure churches in Jeonbuk-province have become small and simple with time and that their structures and designs are closely related.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.71
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• pp.1-22
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• 2016

The early 20th century is a period of time when Korea confronted with the surging waves of modernization, and made a variety of internal reactions. The Korean language, not immune to the upheaval, also experienced new changes and gradually gained characteristics of today's Korean. Although scholars have not yet fully agreed upon the time division of Korean, Gabo reformation (1896) is usually considered to be the beginning of modern Korean. Thus, the early 20th century was also the beginning of modern Korean. Phonological, lexical, and grammatical characteristics of modern day Korean began to appear during this period of time. Phonologically, the 10 vowel system was established, glottal sounds and aspirated sounds increased, vowel harmony declined. Phenomena such as vowel raising, front-vowelization, monophthongization, and the word-initial rule appeared. Meanwhile, hangul-Chinese mix writing became common practice, and hangul-only writing also started to take place in narrative writing, and elements of spoken language began to reflect in written language. All those pointed to the unification of written and spoken language. Under the influence of modernization, a great amount of new words appeared. Especially, Japanese and other foreign words flooded in in great quantities. Grammatically, '-eos-(-엇-), -neun-(-는-), -ges-(-겟-)' trichotomy system of tenses was established, and hearer-oriented honorific system also formed a binary system of 'hasoseo(하소서), hasibsio(하십시오), hao(하오), hage(하게), haera(해라)' and 'hae (해), haeyo(해요)'. In word formation and sentence construction, the use of '-gi(-기)' became more frequent than '-eum(-음)', while '~geot(~것)' also significantly increased. In negative, causative and passive expressions, the use of long form, which has fewer restrictions than the short form, became more frequent. A tendency towards simplicity appeared. In the same vain, long and complex sentences with several clauses tend to be avoided. Instead, short simple sentences became more favorable. Korean linguistics scholars should pay closer attention to the modernization period, which includes the early 20th century. In order to fully understand today's Korean language, more thorough research on this immediately preceding period is necessary.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.13-28
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• 2012

The objective of this research is to examine the fashion styles of Choe Seung-Hee (1911-1969), modern woman and dancer of Korea, through her life and activities. From such theoretical and empirical studies, three aesthetic characteristics of South Korea's modern woman Choe Seung-Hee's fashion styles could be deduced. Based on the three deduced styles of modern elegance, futuristic avant-garde and mystical Asian aesthetics, "Pearl of Asia" was selected as the main theme. The result is that the fashion styles of Choe Seung-Hee is not simply that of an individual modern woman and a dancer who lived in the early 20th century but is a meaningful symbol of Korea's modern women.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.4-12
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• 2004

This research has a purpose to review architectural education in the early modern times in Korea. Although the mission school had some programs on basic woodworks, which were for architectural technicians afterwards, it has not been paid attention yet. Missionaries recognized the problematic situation that the most western-styled building all over Korea were built by Chinese or Japanese technicians, and they made up the minds and tried to train Korean apprentices. This training program couldn't be developed to the authorized curriculum, and moreover was limited that it was concentrated on just woodwork training; however, the missionaries made their best endeavor to overcome the deficiency of skillful technicians. At the woodwork department of the mission school there were occasionally effective programs, for example, a training of drawing or an actual participation at the real construction site. Mission schools could be said to offer the helpful programs for the early education on newly coming architecture.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2016

Purpose: Since the 19th century many concrete models and theories for the ideal city had been proposed and in some way had affected on the ideal urban plans in the 20th century. Modern cities in the 20th century faced a total chaos, due to the world war and new social paradigm came from the development of technology. These social context leads us to be interested in ideal city. And two planned cities; Chandigarh, India and Brasilia, Brasil, are meaningful as the result of the modern ideal city in the early 20th century even though they completed just in part. Method: This study is focused on the characteristics of the modern ideal city in the early 20th century based on comparison with two realized cities. There are similarities and differences in their background, concept, and the characteristics of form and space. Result: First, both cities are required to make monumental and symbolic images by political issues. For this, Le Corbusier proposed the grid system for a metaphorical city and L. Costa defined the urban form with abstract axis for a mythological city. Second, the administrative districts in both cities are planned as symbolic places by formative buildings and their hierarchical arrangement. For neighbourhood unit 'Sector' in Chandigarh and 'Superquadras' in Brasilia are used for the neighbourhood unit respectively. Third, the car-oriented road system and urban environment by population overcrowding in tow cities are criticized in common. Consequently, as we can see, the modern ideal city in the early 20th century succeeds in making symbolic urban image, but exposes the limitation of sustainability.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.135-150
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• 2018

Focusing on the hermeneutic instability of a key word of Paradise Lost, "wander," this study attempts to situate John Milton's early modern epic in the longue $dur{\acute{e}}e$ historical transition from seignorial to capitalist mode of production, especially the displacement and reorganization of producer population, a corollary of early phase of modernization. The historic experience of vagrancy and its normalization, and the concomitant shift of the primary human sociability from given to voluntary bonds, I suggest, shape and inform Milton's early modern rewriting of the Biblical story of the fall and his revising of the heroic epic romance into a plebeian romance of a wandering, companionate couple. While building on the critical consensus on this poem's deliberate distancing from the tradition of classical epic and chivalric romance, this essay argues that Milton re-appropriates and re-channels the aspirational aspect of chivalric wandering, or mobility, for his plebeian heroes, a companionate conjugal couple. The hermeneutic instability of the word wander, this essay suggests, captures the duality of the historic experience of vagrancy, both the tragic experience of displacement and the liberational and uplifting dimension of that experience.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to highlight nationalistic characteristics of private school's military gymnastic education in early modern Korea. so deal with the process of Military Gymnastics between 1895, when modern public school in Korea was first established, and 1910, when Korea was deprived of its sovereignty by japan. The following conclusions have been drawn from the study. The main idea of military style-gymnastics came from the consciousness of crisis caused by threat of the Japanese aggression. At that time, Korean realized the importance of physical education by this crisis consciousness. And Korean people was interested in physical education that they could not think of in traditional education. This Gymnastic class was much more like military training and has a patriotic character.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.31-41
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• 2018

This research examines pioneering works of two representative Western modern architects which played a significant role in constructing modernity in the early 20th century: Frank Lloyd Wright's Florida Southern College and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Illinois Institute of Technology. These two campuses were constructed and developed at the similar period by two named architects, and these were considered the collections of iconic modern buildings in the States. However, design approaches and principles of these buildings were totally opposite ways: Frank Lloyd Wright's Florida Southern College was in the roof of organic architecture drawn from a great Chinese sage, Laotze, which have more five hundred years history. On the other hand, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Illinois Institute of Technology was well embodied the International Style which originated from European tradition in the early 20th century, and Mies was one of the leaders of the International Style. These different approaches could be understood in the discussion of the meaning of the Greek concept of paradoxa which was mentioned by a German philosopher Martin Heidegger. Comparing the paradoxical gestures of these two campuses can reveal the truth of each campus master plans and expand the discourse of modern architectures.