• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.2 s.34
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• pp.195-210
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• 1991

Fatty liver is caused by derangement of fat metabolism and can be reversed by removal of contributing factors. The contributing factors of fatty liver is known to be overweight, chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and drug abuse such as tetracycline. This study was carried out on 1335 persons who visited 'Soon Chun Hyang Human Dock Center' from March to June 1990. In analysis of the data, prevalence of fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram by age and sex, laboratory finding between fatty liver group and normal group, and odds ratio of known contributing factors, were compared. The results obtained are as following ; 1) The prevalence rate of fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram is 29.6% in male and 11.5% in female. 2) Age groups with high prevalences are $40{\sim}50's$ in male (32.0%) and 50's in female (24.5%). 3) The fatty liver shows significant association with style (p<0.05), whereas not with hepatitis B-virus surface antigen (p>0.05). 4) All laboratory values except alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are elevated significantly in accordance with the degree of fatty liver (p<0.01). 5) Fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonogram showed so strong associations with body index, triglycerides and gamma-glutamyl transferase for males, and body index and fasting blood sugar for females that these factors may be used as supplementary data in establishing diagnosis of fatty liver. 6) Odds ratio of contributing factors are as follows ; If the odds ratio of below 29 year of age is 1.0 then that of $30{\sim}39$ is 1.74 (p=0.33), $40{\sim}49$ is 2.47 (p=0.10), $50{\sim}59$ is 2.86 (p=0.0570), over 60 is 1.81 (p=0.34). If the odds ratio of female is 1.0 then that of male is 5.67 (p<0.01). If the odds ratio of body index below zero is 1.0 then that of $0{\sim}9$ is 5.08 (p<0.01), $10{\sim}19$ is 12.37 (p<0.01), $20{\sim}29$ is 29.19 (p<0.01), 30 above is 154.02 (p<0.01). If the odds ratio of below 99 mg/dl FBS is 1.0 then that of $100{\sim}120$ is 106 (p=0.76), over 120 is 1.91 (p=0.02). If the odds ratio of below $29{\mu}/1{\gamma}-GT$ is 1.0 then that of $30{\sim}s59$ is 2.11 (p<0.01), $60{\sim}90$ is 1.87 (p<0.05), 90 above is 1.69 (p=0.15). If the odds ratio of below 149 mg/dl TG is 1.0 then $150{\sim}199$ is 1.49 (p=0.05), $200{\sim}250$ is 1.09 (P=0.77), 250 above is 2.53 (p<0.01). In summary, early diagnosis of fatty liver could be made by ultrasonogram supplemented with body index and nm triglyceride. The fatty liver could be preventive by avoiding contributing factors such as obesity, alcohol intake, high blood sugar appropriately.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.141-145
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• 2007

Maggot therapy (MT) has been re-introduced for non-healing wounds such as pressure sore, diabetic and necrotic ulcers, as well as infected surgical wounds, burn, and trauma injuries since early 1990s. For the production of sterile maggot of proper developmental stage, Lucilia sericata were studied on developmental periods of immature stages on liver agar medium under six different temperatures such as 15.4, 20.6, 22.5, 26.2, 29.1, and $33.0^{\circ}C$, and adult longevity and egg Production under $29^{\circ}C$. The periods of eggs and larvae of the 1st and the 2nd instars were shortest at $33^{\circ}C$ by 9.0, 14.0 and 18.6 hours, respectively. The periods of the 3rd instar larvae and pupae were shortest at $29.1^{\circ}C$ by 285.0 and 171.0 hours, respectively. Developmental zero point and total effective temperature far the development of each stage were calculated based on the developmental periods. Adults of both female and male lived more than one month. Females laid an average of 338.5 eggs through 2.7 times of egg laying throughout her lifetime.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 1996

In selected cases, early corrective surgery is indicated in the management of infants having large ventricular septal defects. The risk of any surgical procedure in infancy is acknowledged to be great and should be avoided whenever possible. However this greater surgical risk is justified when the patient presents with intractable congestive heart failure, severe pulmonary hypertension, marked growth retardation, and recurrent prolonged lower respiratory infections. We analyzed 31 patients with ventricular septal defect in infancy who underwent surgical correction from January 1991 through December 1994. Age ranged from 6 months to 12 months with mean age of 9.2 months. Of the thirty-one patients, 23 patients were male and 8 patients were female. Mean body weight was 7. 4kg. The most common type of ventricular septal defect was perimembraneo s (64.5%). Associated cardiac anomalies were found in 17 patients (55.8%). Mitral regurgitation was the most commonly associated cardiac anomaly (16.1 %) and followed by patent ductus arteriosus (12.9%). When cardiac catheterization data were analysed, the most common range of Qp/qs, RpiRs, Pp/ps were 2.1∼ 3.0, 1-0.25, above 0.70 respectively. Among the indications of surgical correction, there were pulmonary hypertension in 20 patients, congestive heart failure in 3 patients, intractable respiratory infection in 10 patients and growth retardation in 14 patients. The most common surgical approach and method for closure of ventricular septal defect .were right atriotomy (58%) and Dacron patch closure (94%). Postoperative complications occurred in 10 cases (32%) and overall mortality was 12.9% (4 cases). All operative deaths in this series occurred in infants under the age of 8 months and weight of 8 kilograms.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.338-347
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• 1993

The study was to investigate the bionomics, host plants, and oviposition preference of Hishimonus sellatus Uhler. It has 5 generations under natural conditions and the peak of the 3rd generation was observed about mid and late August. Its average developmental durations were 80 days in spring, 69 days in summer, and 77.8 days in autumn. The lengths of each stage were 0.8mm in eggs, 0.9mm in 1st instar, 1.4mm in 2nd instar, 2.1mm in 3rd instar, 2.5mm in 4th instar, 3.2mm in 5th instar, 4.1mm in female, and 3.8mm in male. Hishimonus sellatus overwintered as egg in Morus alba, Humulus japonicus, and Zizyphus jujuba begining mid October, and attacked the shoot of M. alba and H. japonicus about mid and late May, migrated to the Zizyphus jujuba from late June to early July. Female oviposites 32~62 eggs into epidermis of shoot, vagina and vein during their life. The preferred host plants of H. sellatus were Humulus japonicus, Morus alba, Zizyphus jujuba, and ligustrum obtusifolium. Highly preferable oviposition site was H. japonicus, M. albal, Z. jujuba, and L. obtusifolium, etc. On audlt longevity, the host plants as H. japonicus, M. alba, and Z. jujuba were 43$\pm$2 days and A. brevipedenculata, C. mimosoides, L. obtusifolium, V. rosa, A. sinicus and, A. graveolens were more than 25 days, and other host plants were less than 20 days.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.391-400
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• 2011

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs and respiratory system and can be classified by a variety of factors such as infectious agents, etiology, infection area, and other criteria. From a 46-year-old male, who was suspected of being infected with atypical pathogen pneumonia and underwent such tests as serological testing, examination of sputum, urine examination, parasite examination, bronchoscopy, needle biopsy and so on, no significant abnormality was found. This patient also showed no specific symptoms like auscultatory abnormalities, high fever, nonproductive cough, muscle stiffness, sputum production, dyspnea. Prescription of broad-spectrum oral antibiotics and ant-parasitic didn't seem to be effective against bacterial and atypical pathogen. The patient's condition alternately repeated between natural cure and recurrence. The average healing process during which scarring, nodule recurrence and disappearance on the lungs happened was about 20 days. Chest radiography and chest high resolution computerized tomographic scans(HRCT scan) was performed to depict parenchymal aberrations and demarcate the extent and distribution of atypical pathogen pneumonia. As a result, chest radiography did not show the specific symptoms, whereas areas of opacity (seen as white) which represent consolidation were revealed in chest HRCT scan. This indicates that only chest radiography is not that useful for early diagnosis of atypical pathogen pneumonia in patients, since it can't show exactly what the symptom is because of the barriers such as diaphragm, liver, and spine. Therefore, it is desirable that chest HRCT should be used in the diagnosis to compare with the results of chest radiography. Here, report with literature investigations the case of recurrent atypical pathogen pneumonia.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.276-280
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• 1999

Background: Post-pneumonectomy empyema(PPE) is an uncommon but a serious complication. The management remains as challenge for general thoracic surgeons. Material and Method: During the period of January 1990 to December 1996, we evaluated the results of 20 patients with post-pneumonectomy empyema. Result: Sex ratio were 15 male and 5 female patients with mean age of 41.5${\pm}$21.5 yrs. The occurrence ratio of left to right side was 8:12. The most common disease for prior pneumonectomy was pulmonary tuberculosis. The duration between pneumonectomy and PPE was variable in 1 month to 6yrs. Fever was the most frequent symptom and S. aureus was the most frequent pathogen. In 13 cases, there were combined with BPF. Four patients underwent trans-sternal closure, and Clagett procedure was performed. There was one recurrence that later underwent muscle plombage and omentopexy later. Nine patients underwent omentopexy, muscle plombage and thoracoplasty. There were 7 cases that were not combined with BPF. All 7 patients underwent thoracoplasty, and two of them were combined with muscle plombage. Mean follow-up duration is 40${\pm}$32.3 months. There were no late deaths nor recurrences of PPE. Conclusion: We conclude that early diagnosis and proper drainage in PPE patients are important in its initial stage of management, and also management is completely achieved in thoracoplasty with muscle plombage or omentopexy.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.197-205
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• 2019

This study was to compare arterial stiffness and hemodynamic responses between male smokers and non-smokers. This study also investigates the influences of smoking before exercise on arterial stiffness and hemodynamic responses. 24 male subjects of age 20-29 without history of cardiorespiratory disease were divided into smokers and non-smokers. Smokers had more than 5 years of smoking experience. In order to evaluate the effects of pre-exercise smoking, smokers were tested twice, once with a cigarette before the exercise and the other once without one. Data was collected from bio-impedance analysis, SphygmoCor XCEL, graded exercise test, and fitness test. Main results of this study are as follows: First, there are differences between smokers and non-smokers in cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response functions, as shown by maximal oxygen consumption, exercise duration, and heart rate. Second, the although the arterial stiffness between smokers and non-smokers showed statistically significant differences in the speed of the pulse wave velocity and augmentation index, smoker had a faster rate. It shows that smoking behavior has a negative impact on the cardiovascular system. Third, pre-exercise smoking behavior does have an impact on cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response functions, as shown by exercise duration and heart rate. Lastly, arterial stiffness between smokers and non-smokers showed statistically not significant in the speed of the pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Brachial systolic pressure, a component of pulse wave analysis, on the other hand, was significantly dependent on pre-exercise smoking behavior. Subjects who participated in this study are college students in early 20s. Given their relatively short history of smoking, it is possible that their smoking habits are not severe enough to develop into cardiorespiratory or cardiovascular diseases. But Smokers showed lower levels of cardiopulmonary functions, as maximal oxygen consumption and exercise duration than nonsmokers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2001

Background and Objectives : Nitric oxide(NO) is a short-lived molecule with messenger and cytotoxic functions in nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Among the three distinct NOS isoforms, the neuronal isoform is expressed in small, discrete neuronal populations of CNS and PNS. Axonal injury in adult animals results in a dramatic NOS up-regulation in many types of central and peripheral neurons which normally lack the enzyme or express it only at very low levels. In previous study, we confirmed the efficacy of PEMS on the early functional recovery in rats with surgically transected and reanastomosed recurrent laryngeal nerve. Therefore, after we obtained functionally recovered rats using PEMS in this study, we studied to evaluate the expression of nNOS through the analysis of the difference between functional recovery group and non-recovery group in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Materials and Method : Using 84 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, transections and primary anastomosis were performed on their left recurrent laryngeal nerves. Rats were then randomly assigned to 2 groups. The rats in group A(n=42) received PEMS by placing them in custom cages equipped with Helm-holz coils(3 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 12 wk). The rats in group B(n=42) were handled the same way as the group A, except that they did not receive PEMS. Laryngovideoendoscopy was performed before and after surgery and followed up weekly. Laryngeal EMG was obtained in both PCA and TA muscles. Immunohistochemisty staining using monoclonal anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) antibody was performed to detect nNOS in recurrent laryngeal nerve and nodose ganglion. Results : 20 rats(63%) in group A and 5 rats(17%) in the group B showed recovery of vocal fo1d motion. The number of NOS-positive cells was increased in functionally-recovered rats. NOS-staining intensity was reduced 12 weeks after nerve injury. The difference between PEMS group and non-stimulated group was not found. Conclusion : This study shows that nNOS may exert a beneficial effect on nerve regeneration and functional repair.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 1990

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the enterochromaffin cells in the duodenal mucosa of rabbit following bile duct ligation. Adult male rabbits were divided into normal, sham operation and experimental groups. Bile duct ligation was performed under ether anesthesia and animals were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th day after operation. Mucosal specimens from the duodenum were prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), followed by postfixation with 1% osmium tetroxide(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and embedded within araldite mixture. The sections were cut on a LKB-V ultratome, and observed under a JEM 100CX II electron miroscope. The results were as follow; 1. Irregularities of the nuclei of the enterochromaffin cells were noticed from the 1st day after bile duct ligation, and concentration of the chromatin in the nucleus was more frequently observed on the 7th and the 14th day. 2. The granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of the enterochromaffin cell were more developed than those of the normal on the 1st day after bile duct ligation, but they showed poor organization from the 3rd day. 3. Amount of the microfilaments in the enterochromaffin cell was significantly increased from the 5th day after bile duct ligation and they were more frequently observed in the vicinity of the nucleus. 4. Vacuoles with various electron densities in the enterochromaffin cell were increased in number from the 3rd day after bile duct ligation. 5. Glycogen-like particles in the enterochromaffin cell were frequently observed on the 3rd and the 5th day after bile duct ligation. 6. In the early stage of the ligation of bile duct, in the enterochromaffin cells, well developed intracellular organelles, such as granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were pronounced. But, in the later stage, the cells contained poor organelles, with the some structural sign of necrotic change.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.284-292
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• 1994

In transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy to treat osteonecrosis of the femoral head, the necrotic superior anterior femoral head is rotated anteriorly around the longitudinal neck axis so that the weight bearing force is transferred to the intact posterior surface. The ratio of transposed intact articular surface of the femoral head to the weight-bearing surface of the acetabulum on postoperative anteroposterior view of the hip roentgenograph is the most important indicator of the prognosis. During the period from December 1992 to June 1994, we treated 31 hips in 28 patients who were indicated for the anterior rotational osteotomy among the patients of osteoncrosis of the femoral head. Among the patients, male were 27 and female was one. Age distribution was from 13 to 62 years old and mean age was 44.3. According to the Ficat and Arlet classification, II A was most in number as 16 II B was 7 and III was 8. As their etiolgic factors, alcohol was most in number as 18, steroid was 3, idiopathic was 5 and trauma was 2. The mean rate of the intact area of the posterior part of the femoral head to the total articular surface on the preoperative lateral view of the hip roentgenograph was 41.8%, The mean ratio of transposed intact articular surface of the femoral head to the weight bearing surface of the acetabulum was 53.8%, Fixation devices were screws or dynamic hip screw.