• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

The importance of fast and accurate body temperature measurement with a portable thermometer is increasing. In order to reduce the temperature measurement response time of the infrared ear thermometer, it is very important to develop a structure for a thermometer having an efficient heat transfer path. Most of the existing ear thermometers are single structures that do not consider thermal efficiency, which may delay measurement time and reduce measurement accuracy. Therefore, in this study, the upper part of the thermometer in contact with the ear is made of a thermally conductive material, and the lower part of the thermometer is made of a thermal barrier material so that heat can be concentrated on the infrared sensor of the thermometer by blocking the upper part of the heat. For the efficiency of production, it was intended to be manufactured through the double injection process, and for this purpose, in this paper, the optimal process parameters were derived through the double injection process analysis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.903-916
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the ear-based rectal temperature measured with a tympanic thermometer with the rectal temperature measured with a glass mercury thermometer in order to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer and to determine relationship among rectal, axilla, and abdominal temperature in neonates. The samples consisted of thirty four neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and nursery at an university affiliated hospital. The mean age of the subjects was 4.9 days. The ear-based rectal temperatures were taken with a tympanic thermometer in rectal mode (First Temp Genius 3000). Rectal and axilla temperatures were taken with a glass mercury thermometer, Abdominal temperature was continuously monitored with the probe connected to the servo controller of incubator. The results of the study can be summarized as follows : 1. Intrarater comparison : Agreement between the first and the second ear-based rectal temperature was 97% within 0.1$^{\circ}C$. 2. Comparison of ear-based rectal temperature and the rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer : ear-based rectal temperature ranged from 36.95$^{\circ}C$d to 37.95$^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 37.58$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.22$^{\circ}C$). Rectal temperature from a glass mercury thermometer ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.2$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean 36.75$^{\circ}C$(SD＝0.29). The mean difference between both temperatures was 0.84$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between both temperatures was r＝0.77(p＝0.00). 3. Comparison of rectal and axilla temperature : Axilla temperature ranged from 35.8$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.1$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.55$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between the rectal and axilla temperature was 0.23$^{\circ}C$. The correlation coefficient between rectal and axilla was r＝0.67. 4. Comparison of axilla and abdominal temperature : Abdominal temperature ranged from 36.2$0^{\circ}C$ to 37.0$0^{\circ}C$, with a mean of 36.58$^{\circ}C$. The mean absolute difference between axilla and abdominal temperature was only -0.03$^{\circ}C$. Findings of this study suggest that ear-based rectal temperature overestimates the actual rectal temperatures in neonates. Therefore, the interchangeble use of both temperatures in clinics seems problematic. The site offset(adjustment value) programmed in rectal mode of the tympanic thermometer needs to be readjusted. Choosing one optimal site for temperature measurement for each patient, and using the specific site consistently would result in more consistent measurements of changes in body temperature, and thus can be more effective in diagnosing fever or hypothermia.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the method for shortening the body temperature (BT) because it takes a long time and is impractical to measure axillary or oral BT with mercury thermometer, The first approach was to identify BT change according to the measuring time and determine the clinically not statistically avaiable and optimal BT measuring time. The second was to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer. It can measure BT within a few seconds, so if it is approved accurate, we can save BT measuring time by substitute tympanic thermometer for mercury thermometer. This study was conducted from 1, to 30 June, 1996. The subjects were 12men students of medicalk college and 29 women students of nursing school. The results were as follows ; 1) The 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13minute-measured axillary BT and 3, 5, 7, minute-measured BT showed somewhat linear relationship with time. It was difficult to find the optimum measuring time which were clinically significant. 2) For axillary tempeiature, the measuring time which were not statistically different was 11 and 13minute. But the real BT difference between 3 and 13minute, or between 5 and 13minute were very small and was within the range of daily variation. 3) For oral temperature, there was no intervals which showed the statistically insignificant. But like as axillary temperature, the difference between 3 and 7, or 5 and 7 minute were trivial by $0.3^{\circ}C$ and by $0.1^{\circ}C$ respectively. 4) Tympanic temperatures were lower than oral BTs which were measured with mercury thermometer by $0.26^{\circ}C$ (with ear tug) and $0.15^{\circ}C$(without ear tug). 5) The reliability of repeated measure tympanic temperature was better than without ear tug. With above results, we can't determine the optimal and cilically significant oral and axillary measuring time using mercury thermometer. However, because the real differences between measuring times were very small, so we recommend further study for the aged, the infants and the febrile patients. And we can't sure the accuracy of tympanic temperature but the reliability was better with ear tug than without ear tug.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.32-36
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• 2007

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.198-201
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• 2023

Maintaining the patency of the external auditory canal (EAC) during reconstruction is important because of its physiological role in hearing and immunological protective functions. The curved shape of the EAC presents a challenge when performing a skin graft. One of the key points for a successful skin graft is to ensure compression on the wound bed, and many novel methods, including prefabricated ear molds, have been reported for this purpose. In this study, we present a case of a skin graft performed to reconstruct a skin defect following excision of actinic keratosis in the EAC, using the cover of an ear thermometer probe as a mold for the graft to match the curvature of the EAC. This is an economical and practical method for secure compression dressing of a skin graft in the EAC.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.450-454
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• 1998

These studies were performed to find out the possibility of automatic detection of the diseased animal with fever by farmers themselves. Firstly, the body temperature of 331 dairy cows was investigated according to major disease symptoms manifested. Secondly, AD 590 thermometer was used to take the teat temperature of the milking cows to determine the possibility of automatic taking of body temperature while milking. The temperatures of scapha of ear and coccygeal artery part were also taken fur the non-milking dairy cows and Korean native cowl 1. The average body temperature of dairy cows associated with respiratory diseases puerperal disease, or mastitis was higher than normal temperature denoting respectively 39.8,39.6, and $39.3{\circ}C.2.$ The teat temperaure of the milking dairy cows with fever($39.5~39.6{\circ}C$) and the cows with mastitis was respectively 1.02 and 0.56${\circ}C$ higher than that of normal cows. 3. The average teat temperature taken by AD 590 was 33.91, 34.93, and 34.50${\circ}C$ in normal milking dairy cows, cows with fever(39.5~39.6${\circ}C$), and cows with mastitis, respectively. 4. The mean temperatures at scapha and coccygeal part of non-milking dairy cows and Korean native cows were 35.62 and 36.63${\circ}C$, respectively. It was concluded that AD 590 thermometer would be usable for the farmers to automatirally detect the body temperature of dairy cows while milking and subsquently to find the diseased cow with fever and that the scapha of ear and coccygeal artery part of the cattle could be the body parts of simply detecting body temperature of non-milking cattle.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2002

These studies were carried out to develop some easy-checking thermometers instead of taking temperature of ectum for the farmers to detect easily a diseased animal with fever. Thermometers such as pincher-type, hood-type, raser-type, stick-type, and wrap-type were devised for the experiments. The experimental animals were cattle, horse, swine, aprine, and canine. Temperature-taking parts of the body were ear, shoulder, axilla, gluteal part, and coccygeal part according o the devised thermometer. Rectal temperature was taken at the same time for the comparison of temperature between rectum nd the certain part. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part using eraser-type thermometer for the domestic animals were $3.37^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.94^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.04^{\circ}C$ for swine, $1.27^{\circ}C$ for caprine, $0.9^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part using eraser-type thermometer for domestic animals were $3.46^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.98^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.22^{\circ}C$ for swine, and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of intra-individual temperature taken by eraser-type thermometer of shoulder and gluteal part were 0.3 and $0.8^{\circ}C$ for cattle, 0.7 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for horses, 0.6 and $0.7^{\circ}C$ for swine, 0.9 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part taken by hood-type thermometer for cattle was $3.93^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part taken by stick-type thermometer for cattle was $3.7^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The other types of thermometers than the above three were not proved to be reliable to detect temperature of domestic animals. It was concluded that hood-type, stick-type and eraser-type thermometers are recommendable devices of thermometer to detect easily the status of body temperature and that the eraser-type was proved to be a practical one of the thermometers used in this study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.820-825
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• 2005

Purpose : The presence and degree of fever in children is a useful indicator of illness. This project aimed to assess the accuracy and usefulness of infrared tympanic membrane(TM) & forehead feverscan thermometers for measuring children's temperatures. Methods : Data were obtained from 1,050 children with a median age of 4.5 years. They visited the pediatric clinics at Chung-Ang University Yongsan Hospital from January 2004 to December 2004. We measured body temperatures at axilla by mercury thermometer, at ear by infrared TM thermometer and at forehead by feverscan. Then we analyzed the correlation between these data. Results : Mercury and TM thermometer, and Mercury and forehead feverscan thermometer very well correlated with each others(P<0.05). And the sensitivity of infrared TM thermometer(right and left) to correctly identify febrile children was 81.1 percent and 82.4 percent, the positive predictive value to detect a fever was 81.8 percent and 73.6 percent. The sensitivity of forehead feverscan was 83.3 percent and the positive predictive value was 74.4 percent. Conclusion : The tympanic membrane temperature measured by the BRAUN IRT $3020^{(R)}$ and forehead arterial temperature measured by the HubDIC $DOTORY^{(R)}$ feverscan accurately reflects mercury axillary temperature, validly assesses the presence of fever in children, and is easy to use. The Braun IRT $3020^{(R)}$ & HubDIC $DOTORY^{(R)}$ therefore is an adequate tool to assess fever and may be used both in a clinical setting and for research purposes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.837-841
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• 2003

In East-South Asia it has been widely known that Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng) increases body temperature, whereas American ginseng(Panax quinquefolius) decreases it. This study was designed to find out if Korean ginseng could increase body temperature comparing with American ginseng. Double-blind randomized controlled trials on body temperature of Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans and Chineses was performed by using electronic thermometer at the ear. There was no significant difference between Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans as well as Chineses by repeated-measures ANOVA. It was revealed that Korean ginseng does not increase body temperature. Maybe the concept that Korean ginseng increase body temperature is concerned with commercial interests dealing with American Ginseng.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

As the Radiofrequency(RF) increases with the magnetic field strength, the wavelength of the RF excitation field becomes smaller, which leads to more the thermal effect in the human-body placed in the electric field. MRI scanner used was GE signa 1.5T, HDx 3.0T and Philips 3.0T with same routine clinical sequence protocol. Therefore temperature was measured before and after each scan. Taken the temperatures in the ear with ear infra-red type thermometer(Braun co). 3.0T were temperature increases more than $0.15^{\circ}C$ and GE 3.0T MRI equipment about $0.14^{\circ}C$ higher than the Philips 3.0T MRI(p<0.012). Psychogenic status was investigated by the survey respondents about their status can not just answer therefore, a little different from the expected. In our study of Thermal effect of clinical MRI with clinical protocol sequence, we found that the 3.0T in the body-temperature rise was greater than the 1.5T. Therefore, in clinical 3.0T examine the dangerous situation caused by the temperature rise occurred (burns, impaired thermoregulatory mechanism in patients with high-temperature damage, exhaustion occurs due to excessive sweating), not to appear the more watched the patient's condition with procedure.