• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.319-323
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• 1995

The implication of cervical pain associated with an elongated styloid process is credited to W.W.Eagle. Even though there were earlier reports of ossification of the stylohyoid ligament, findings in more than 200 cases in 1980s and 1940s resulted in the naming of a clinical syndrome that continues to bear his name, Eagle's syndrome. It is also sometimes called styloid process neuralgia or elongated styloid process syndrome is more common than generally recognized. The clinical symptoms range from a dull nagging pain with occasional radiation to ear, or to a foreign body sensation. Dysphagia and odynophagia may also occur. We successfully treated one case by removal of the elongated styloid process under the general anesthesia and C2 ganglion block. We then reported the clinical feature of one case of the Eagle's syndrome and further researched with the foreign literature.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 1999

Elongation of the styloid process (styloid syndrome, Eagle's Syndrome) is named after Eagle who insisted the styloid process as a cause of pain but distinguishable from the glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Eagle's syndrome is characterized by a dull nagging pharyngeal pain, a palpable hardness in the tonsillar fossa, radiopaque elongation and enlargement of the syloid process. This is to report two cases of Eagle's Syndrome. The clinical and radiological features, development and pathogenesis of the Eagle's Syndrome and pathologic findings of the calcified styloid ligaments were described with review of literatures. The external cervical approach to resect the enlarged calcified processes can be an option due to better visualization and accessbility, less infection at risk than intra-oral approach. The findings and results were as follows ; 1. The calcified styloid ligaments accompanied with throat pain were reseded in size of $5.5{\times}48mm(#1,\;Rt)$, $3.6{\times}5mm(#1,\;Lt)$, $5.2{\times}51mm(#2,\;Rt)$ and $3.1{\times}38mm(#2,\;Lt)$. 2. The submandibular approach to resect the calcified styloid process is of help to get better visibility and accessiblilty avoiding the injury to the deep cervial vital structures. 3. The resected styloid processes were examined histopathologically as the matured cortical bones with marrow structures or cartilagenous cells without any findings of neoplasmic changes. 4. The remained process did not show any noticeable regrowth in 3 years after surgical amputation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.169-172
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• 2013

Eagle's syndrome is a disease without a clear lesion that is associated with repeated episodes of pharyngalgia, odynophagia, the sensation of a foreign body in the pharynx, tinnitus, and otalgia in which patients displaying these types of symptoms must be given a differential diagnosis. It is known to be characterized by styloid process elongation or increasing compression to adjacent anatomical structures through stylohyoid ligament calcification. In serious cases, continuous pressure to the carotid artery can lead to a stroke. Diagnosis is confirmed through clinical symptoms, radiological findings, and physical examinations. The most common type of treatment consists of a surgical excision of elongated styloid process. Nonetheless, this study presents a case of treating Eagle's syndrome with conservative management.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.180-183
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• 2009

Eagle's syndrome refers to a symptomatic elongation of the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments that usually accompanies facial and pharyngeal pain, dysphagia, and foreign-body sensation in the throat. Making an accurate diagnosis is difficult as Eagle's syndrome can be accompanied with referred pain to various areas of head and neck. Treatment options for Eagle's syndrome include non-surgical and surgical methods. The surest and the most effective method for relieving the symptom is surgical removal or reduction of the elongated styloid process. The present study reports two cases of female whom were diagnosed as "Eagle's syndrome" and whose chief complain was foreign-body sensation and pain in the throat on movement. Surgical removal via transoral approach of the elongated styloid process is a safe surgical option with favorable results compared to extraoral approach.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2002

Two cases of Eagle's syndrome are reported. The first case involved a 31-year-old man who complained of pain in his throat and pain at preauricular area on turning his head. Panoramic and computed tomography (CT) views showed bilateral stylohyoid ligament ossification. The symptoms were relieved after surgical removal. The second case involved a 56-year-old female whose chief complaints were a continuous dull pain and occasional 'shooting' pain on lower left molar area. During the physical examination, an ossified stylohyoid ligament was palpated at the left submandibular area. Panoramic and CT images showed prominent bilateral stylohyoid ligament ossification. CT scans also showed hypertrophy of left medial and lateral pterygoid muscles. The symptoms were relieved after medication. CT is a useful tool for the examination of ossified stylohyoid ligaments and studying the relationship between Eagle's syndrome and adjacent soft tissue.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.62-65
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• 2011

Eagle's syndrome occurs when an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament causes recurrent throat pain or foreign body sensation, dysphagia. It is supposed that this symptoms and signs are due to the compression of the styloid process on some neural and vascular structures. More uncommonly, symptoms such as dysphagia, tinnitus, and otalgia may occur in patients with this syndrome. It may also cause stroke due to the compression of carotid arteries. The compression depends on the size, shape, and orientation of the ossified styloid process Besides, degenerative or inflammatory changes in the tendinous portion of the styloid ligament insertion or rheumatic styloiditis may also cause this syndrome. Diagnosis can usually be made on physical examination by digital palpation of the styloid process in the tonsiller fossa. Three-dimensional computed tomography can utilized for supporting diagnosis. The treatment of Eagle's syndrome is primarily surgical. The styloid process can be shortened through an intraoral and extraoral approach. We report a 62-years-old man with the symptomatology of Eagle's syndrome and literature reviews.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2014

Eagle's syndrome is a disease caused by an elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament. Eagle defined the disorder in 1937 by describing clinical findings related to an elongated styloid process, which is one of the numerous causes of pain in the craniofacial and cervical region. The prevalence of individuals with this anatomic abnormality in the adult population is estimated to be 4% with 0.16% of these individuals reported to be symptomatic. Eagle's syndrome is usually characterized by neck, throat, or ear pain; pharyngeal foreign body sensation; dysphagia; pain upon head movement; and headache. The diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome must be made in association with data from the clinical history, physical examination, and imaging studies. Patients with increased symptom severity require surgical excision of the styloid process, which can be performed through an intraoral or an extraoral approach. Here, we report a rare case of stylohyoid ligament bilaterally elongated to more than 60 mm in a 51-year-old female. We did a surgery by extraoral approach and patient's symptom was improved.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.458-463
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• 1994

A thirty two year-old male was referred with a chief complaint of mouth opening limitation, and maxillofacial pain including left TMJ area. The patient had been treated in a private clinic with medications and conservative treatments, without any improvements in symptoms. MRI findings showed a limitations in condylar head movements, and signs of disc adhesion without the Positional change. Panoramic views showed elongation of stylohyoid process. Brain C-T was taken due to the patient's complaint of headache, facial pain, and paresthesia of tongue, and the result showed no abnormalities. The first surgery included meniscoplasty and the removal of disc adhesion of left TMJ under the preliminary diagnosis of internal derangement with adhesion, and the patient displayed marked improvements in opening movements despite of persistent hemiparesthesia of left facial areas and tongue, and mild dysphasia. Therefore, the second surgery was carried out with the preliminary diagnosis of Eagle's Syndrome, and a resolution of neurologic symptoms was obtained. The final diagnosis of this case was Eagle's Syndrome with internal derangement, and the difficulties in diagnosis and treatment might be due to the existence of two separate diseases with similar symptoms.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.467-472
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• 2010

Eagle's syndrome is the manifestation of elongated styloid process that is not a common entity in dental clinics. Without the knowledge of this syndrome misdiagnosis can be made and therefore differential diag-nosis with other diseases of oral and maxillofacial area is required. The symptoms of elongated styloid process are cervical pain, foreign body sensation, dysphagia and pharyngeal pain. A 27 years old male vis-ited our hospital. He had cervical pain with unilateral facial nerve palsy. Along with meticulous clinical examinations, 3D-CT, Plain radiographic studies were used to make the diagnosis. In computed tomogra-phy, Lt. styloid process was elongated and fractured. Patient have undergone surgical resection of elongat-ed styloid process and have been carefully observed. Characteristically, preoperative facial nerve palsy showed rapid postoperative recovery. The other clinical symptoms that were present in the initial visit were diminished. The purpose of this article is to report a case of Eagle's syndrome presenting unilateral facial nerve palsy that was treated with transoral surgical approach with literature review.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2020

Eagle syndrome is relatively uncommon with an incidence of abnormal stylohyoid length being 4% to 7.3%. A vast majority of individuals with elongation of the styloid process are asymptomatic. It is a syndrome marked by the clinical signs and symptoms of facial pain, ear pain, throat pain, dysphagia and a globus sensation in the throat. The cause of Eagle syndrome is believed to be a congenital or hormonal change and reactive osseus hyperplasia of the styloid process in response to pharyngeal trauma or surgical intervention, such as tonsillectomy. We present here a case of a 37-year-old female with a twelve-month history of both sided oropharyngeal pain and globus sensation which has no trauma or surgical intervention. The patient presented with a long, slender, bony intraoral projection that was found to be an elongated styloid process. We removed this elongated styloid process with a CO₂ laser, and her symptoms disappeared.