• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제14권E호
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• pp.41-58
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• 1998

In this study, a wide range of volatile organic constituents of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were determined using an environmental chamber, where ETS is the sole source of target compounds. ETS was generated in an environmental chamber by a number of different cigarettes, including the Kentucky reference cigarette and eight different commercial brands. More than 30 compounds were measured simultaneously for a total of twelve experimental runs. The target compounds are classified into three major classes, i.e. vapor phase ETS markers including 3-ethnylpyridine (3-EP) and nicotine, carbonyl compounds including formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results from the chamber study were used to generate characterized ratios of selected VOCs to 3-EP, a vapor phase ETS marker. Emission factors for VOCs associated with ETS were also estimated. The characteristic ratios appeared to be generally in good agreement with published data obtained by environmental chamber studies similar to this study. This implies that the ratios may be useful for identifying and quantifying the impact of ETS as a source of target compounds in 'real world' indoor environments, which is affected by a complex mixture of multi-sources. The environmental chamber method described here provides a direct and reliable method to compare the ETS generated by different cigarettes. The method can also be applied to the simultaneous determination of many different ETS components.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

There is increasing evidence suggestion that passive smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and other disease, though the potential health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a controversial subject. Since smoking in restaurant is prevalent in Korea, the concern on passive smoking exposure of non-smoking service-workers has been requested. ETS exposure of non-smoking service-workers at restaurant was assessed because they hare spent their times in restaurant indoors. The purpose of this study was feasibility of nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$) as exposure marker of ETS. The results of the study were as follows; 1. Average $NO_2$ concentrations in indoor and outdoor t restaurants were 57.1ppb(${\pm}12.4$) and 54.29ppb(${\pm}9.54$), respectively. Comparing office-workers, service-workers at restaurants were exposured highly. 2. The personal $NO_2$ measurement as exposure marker of ETS could cause the exposure error because $NO_2$ can be generated by combustion appliances in indoor. 3. Service-workers spent their most time(86.6%) in indoor. Mean time spent at restaurant indoors and at home was 9.4 hours and 10.9 hours, respectively. 4. Personal $NO_2$ levels correlated with indoor $NO_2$ concentrations of restaurant (r=0.70) and of their home (r=0.52) rather than of outdoor $NO_2$ concentration of restaurant (r=0.35). The cause of personal $NO_2$ exposure of non-smoking service-workers were considered as smoking of guests and combustion appliance indoors. 5. personal $NO_2$ exposures were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation and time-weighted model. Estimated personal $NO_2$ level was 47.25ppb(${\pm}8.3$).

• 분석과학
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.299-308
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• 2003

실내 사무환경에 대해 흡연환경에 따라 흡연실, 흡연 허용 사무실, 비흡연사무실, 흡연실 인접 지역 등을 대상으로 ETS 중 발암물질인 카드뮴을 포함한 금속류, 니코틴, 3-EP, 호흡성먼지등 지표물질의 농도분포와 이의 분포에 영향을 주는 흡연밀도, 흡연지수 등을 조사하여 그 상관성을 파악하였다. 공기교환횟수는 흡연실과 흡연허용사무실에서 각각 평균 11.1, 4.6 회/시간을 나타냈으며, 흡연밀도는 최고 $2.6cig/m^2{\cdot}hr$에서부터 최저 $0.2cig/m^2{\cdot}hr$로 나타났다. 금속류 중 카드뮴은 기하정규분포를 보였으며 흡연환경별 기하평균 농도가 흡연실에서 $0.045{\mu}g/m^3$, 흡연실 인근 지역에서 $0.018{\mu}g/m^3$, 흡연허용사무실에서 $0.021{\mu}g/m^3$, 비흡연사무실에서는 $0.017{\mu}g/m^3$의 분포를 보였으며 통계적으로는 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 실내 흡연 환경에 따른 카드뮴의 농도 비를 조사한 결과 비흡연실 기준으로 흡연실에서 2.6배, 흡연허용사무실에서 1.2배의 농도 분포를 보였다. 카드뮴과 지표물질간 상관성을 조사한 결과 니코틴과의 상관계수가 0.53 (p<0.001)으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 호흡성먼지와는 0.43, 3-EP와는 가장 낮은 0.41의 상관계수 값을 보였으며, 흡연 밀도와는 0.54 (P<0.001), 흡연지수와는 0.63(p<0.001)의 상관계수 값을 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 ETS 중 중금속류에서는 카드뮴을 지표물질로 활용할 수 있다고 판단할 수 있다.