• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2018

Purpose: Early detection of gastric cancer is important to improve prognosis. Early detection enables local treatment, such as endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Therefore, we investigated whether early detection of gastric cancer could reduce healthcare costs by comparison according to stage and treatment modalities. Materials and Methods: Medical care costs were investigated according to tumor stage and initial treatment modality in 1,188 patients newly diagnosed with gastric cancer at 7 medical institutions from December 2011 to June 2012. Total medical care costs during the first-year after diagnosis (total first-year costs) were examined, including the costs of initial treatment, post-initial treatment, and inpatient and outpatient visits. Results: Stage I (75.3%) was the most common cancer stage. ESD was the second most common treatment following surgery. Total first-year costs increased significantly from stages I to IV. The costs of initial treatment and post-initial treatment were lowest in patients with stage I cancer. Among patients with stage I cancer, total first-year costs were significantly lower when treated by ESD; in particular, initial ESD treatment costs were much lower than others. Conclusions: The cost of healthcare has increased significantly with increasing cancer stages. ESD can greatly reduce medical care costs of gastric cancer. Thus, early detection of gastric cancer is important to reduce healthcare costs.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.162-166
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• 2011

Purpose: Endoscopic resection is widely accepted as standard treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) without lymph node metastasis. The procedure is minimally invasive, safe, and convenient. However, surgery is sometimes needed after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)/endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) due to perforation, bleeding, or incomplete resection. We evaluated the role of surgery after incomplete resection. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied 29 patients with gastric cancer who underwent a gastrectomy after incomplete EMR/ESD from 2006 to 2010 at Korea University Hospital. Results: There were 13 incomplete resection cases, seven bleeding cases, three metachronous lesion cases, three recurrence cases, two perforation cases, and one lymphatic invasion case. Among the incomplete resection cases, a positive vertical margin was found in 10, a positive lateral margin in two, and a positive vertical and lateral margin in one case. Most cases (9/13) were diagnosed as mucosal tumors by endoscopic ultrasonography, but only three cases were confirmed as mucosal tumors on final pathology. The positive residual tumor rate was two of 13. The lymph node metastasis rate was three of 13. All lymph node metastasis cases were submucosal tumors with positive lymphatic invasion and no residual tumor in the gastrectomy specimen. No cases of recurrence were observed after curative resection. Conclusions: A gastrectomy is required for patients with incomplete resection following EMR/ESD due to the risk of residual tumor and lymph node metastasis.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.350-363
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• 2024

Background/Aims: To overcome the technical limitations of classic endoscopic resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), various methods have been developed. In this study, we examined the role and feasibility of clip-and-cut procedures (clip-and-cut endoscopic full-thickness resection [cc-EFTR]) for gastric GISTs. Methods: Medical records of 83 patients diagnosed with GISTs after endoscopic resection between 2005 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Moreover, clinical characteristics and outcomes were analyzed. Results: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and cc-EFTR were performed in 51 and 32 patients, respectively. The GISTs were detected in the upper third of the stomach for ESD (52.9%) and cc-EFTR (90.6%). Within the cc-EFTR group, a majority of GISTs were located in the deep muscularis propria or serosal layer, accounting for 96.9%, as opposed to those in the ESD group (45.1%). The R0 resection rates were 51.0% and 84.4% in the ESD and cc-EFTR groups, respectively. Seven (8.4%) patients required surgical treatment (six patients underwent ESD and one underwent cc-EFTR,) due to residual tumor (n=5) and post-procedure adverse events (n=2). Patients undergoing R0 or R1 resection did not experience recurrence during a median 14-month follow-up period, except for one patient in the ESD group. Conclusions: cc-EFTR displayed a high R0 resection rate; therefore, it is a safe and effective therapeutic option for small gastric GISTs.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.146-158
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• 2023

Endoscopic resection (ER) is widely performed for early gastric cancer (EGC) with a negligible risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in Eastern Asian countries. In particular, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) leads to a high en bloc resection rate, enabling accurate pathological evaluation. As undifferentiated EGC (UD-EGC) is known to result in a higher incidence of LNM and infiltrative growth than differentiated EGC (D-EGC), the indications for ER are limited compared with those for D-EGC. Previously, clinical staging as intramucosal UD-EGC ≤2 cm, without ulceration, was presented as 'weakly recommended' or 'expanded indications' for ER in the guidelines of the United States, Europe, Korea, and Japan. Based on promising long-term outcomes from a prospective multicenter study by the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) 1009/1010, the status of this indication has expanded and is now considered 'absolute indications' in the latest Japanese guidelines published in 2021. In this study, which comprised 275 patients with UD-EGC (cT1a, ≤2 cm, without ulceration) treated with ESD, the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 99.3% (95% confidence interval, 97.1%-99.8%), which was higher than the threshold 5-year OS (89.9%). Currently, the levels of evidence grades and recommendations for ER of UD-EGC differ among Japan, Korea, and Western countries. Therefore, a further discussion is warranted to generalize the indications for ER of UD-EGC in countries besides Japan.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.442-453
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• 2020

Purpose: Expanded indications for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in early gastric cancer (EGC) remain controversial due to the potential risk of undertreatment after adequate lymph node dissection (LND). Regional LND (RLND) is a novel technique used for limited lymphadenectomy to avoid gastrectomy. This study established the safety and effectiveness of RNLD as an additional treatment option after ESD for expanded indications. Materials and Methods: A total of 69 patients who met the expanded indications for ESD were prospectively enrolled from 2014 to 2017. The tumors were localized using intraoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) before RLND. All patients underwent RLND first, followed by conventional radical gastrectomy with LND. The locations of the preoperative and intraoperative EGD were compared. Pathologic findings of the primary lesion and the RLND status were analyzed. Results: The concordance rates of tumor location between the preoperative and intraoperative EGD were 79.7%, 76.8%, and 63.8% according to the longitudinal, circumferential, and regional locations, respectively. Of the 4 patients (5.7%) with metastatic LNs, 3 were pathologically classified as beyond the expanded indication for ESD and 1 had a single LN metastasis in the regional lymph node. Conclusions: RLND is a safe additional option for the treatment of EGC in patients meeting expanded indications after ESD.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.379-391
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• 2021

Purpose: Promoter DNA methylation of various genes has been associated with metachronous gastric cancer (MGC). The cancer-specific methylation gene, cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1), has been implicated in the occurrence of residual gastric cancer. We evaluated whether DNA methylation of CDO1 could be a predictive biomarker of MGC using specimens of MGC developing on scars after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Materials and Methods: CDO1 methylation values (TaqMeth values) were compared between 33 patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) with no confirmed metachronous lesions at >3 years after ESD (non-MGC: nMGC group) and 11 patients with MGC developing on scars after ESD (MGCSE groups: EGC at the first ESD [MGCSE-1 group], EGC at the second ESD for treating MGC developing on scars after ESD [MGCSE-2 group]). Each EGC specimen was measured at five locations (at tumor [T] and the 4-point tumor-adjacent noncancerous mucosa [TAM]). Results: In the nMGC group, the TaqMeth values for T were significantly higher than that for TAM (P=0.0006). In the MGCSE groups, TAM (MGCSE-1) exhibited significantly higher TaqMeth values than TAM (nMGC) (P<0.0001) and TAM (MGCSE-2) (P=0.0041), suggesting that TAM (MGCSE-1) exhibited CDO1 hypermethylation similar to T (P=0.3638). The area under the curve for discriminating the highest TaqMeth value of TAM (MGCSE-1) from that of TAM (nMGC) was 0.81, and using the cut-off value of 43.4, CDO1 hypermethylation effectively enriched the MGCSE groups (P<0.0001). Conclusions: CDO1 hypermethylation has been implicated in the occurrence of MGC, suggesting its potential as a promising MGC predictor.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2018

연구목적 암 환자에게 있어 통증은 삶의 질과 예후에 큰 영향을 주는 중요한 요소로 통증을 줄이기 위한 시도가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 위종양 환자에게 많이 시행되는 내시경 점막하 박리법 후 통증을 줄이기 위한 노력이 계속되고 있는데, 시술 후 통증에 영향을 미치는 생물학적 요인이 많이 알려진 것에 비해 심리적 요인에 대해서는 연구가 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 본 연구의 목적은 내시경 점막하 박리법을 시술 받은 위종양 환자가 시술 후 겪는 통증에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 본 연구는 2015년 5월부터 2016년 6월까지 국민건강보험 일산병원에 내원하여 내시경 점막하 박리법을 시술 받은 91명의 위종양 환자를 대상으로 시행되었다. 내시경 점막하 박리법을 시술 받기 전에 사회인구학적 요인과, 불안, 우울, 회복탄력성을 평가하였다. 환자들이 호소하는 통증의 정도가 시각적 유추척도 3점 이상인 군(고통증군)과 3점 미만인 군(저통증군)으로 나누었고, 시술 후 통증에 영향을 주는 요인에 대해 독립표본 T검정 및 카이제곱 검정을 시행 후 유의한 차이를 보인 요인에 대해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 결 과 고통증군이 저통증군에 비해 음주량이 낮았고 우울 점수가 높게 나타났다. 또한 고통증군이 저통증군에 비해 회복탄력성 점수가 낮았으며, 회복탄력성의 하위 항목 중 자기조절능력, 긍정성 항목에서 점수가 낮았다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과 회복탄력성 중 자기조절능력(OR, 0.911 ; 95% CI, 0.854-0.971, p=0.004)이 낮을수록 내시경 점막하 박리법 시술 후 겪는 통증이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 본 연구 결과 내시경 점막하 박리법을 시술 받는 환자의 회복탄력성 하위 항목인 자기조절능력이 낮을수록 시술 후 더 큰 통증을 호소하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 대상으로 한 심리적 요인 중 개인의 회복 탄력성이 통증에 영향을 주는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.381-394
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• 2022

Purpose: Gastric neoplasia is a common manifestation of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics, endoscopic features including fundic gland polyposis (FGPsis), and treatment outcomes of gastric neoplasms (GNs) in patients with FAP. Materials and Methods: A total of 35 patients diagnosed with FAP, including nine patients from four pedigrees who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), were investigated regarding patient characteristics, GN morphology, and treatment outcomes. Results: Twenty-one patients (60.0%) had 38 GNs; 33 (86.8%) and 5 (13.2%) were histologically diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and adenoma, respectively. There were no specific patient characteristics related to GNs.Nodule-type GNs were more prevalent in patients with FGP than without (52.2% vs. 0.0%, P=0.002) in the upper body of the stomach. Conversely, depressed-type GNs were fewer in patients with FGPsis than in those without (13.0% vs. 73.3%, P<0.001). Slightly elevated-type GNs were observed in both groups (34.8% vs. 20.0%, P=0.538). Even within pedigrees, the background gastric mucosa and types of GNs varied. In total, 24 GNs were treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and eight with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). EMR was selected for GNs with FGPsis because of the technical difficulty of ESD, resulting in a lower en bloc resection rate (62.5% vs. 100%, P=0.014). Conclusions: Our study indicates the necessity of routine EGD surveillance in patients diagnosed with FAP. Notably, the morphology and location of GNs differed between patients with and without FGPsis. Endoscopic treatment and outcomes require more attention in cases of FGPsis.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 2010

목적: 위점막 이형성증은 "위선암과 연관이 있거나 침습성 위선암으로 발전할 가능성이있는 명백한 종양성 상피"로정의되고 있으며 만성위염에서의 암 발생기전에서도 전암성 병변으로 여겨지고 있다. 이에 저자들은 내시경 겸자 생검에서 위점막 이형성증으로 진단된 환자에 대한 적절 한 치료방침을 결정하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2006년 1월부터 2008년 12월까지 3년 동안 내시경 겸자 생검으로 위점막 이형성증으로 진단받고 내시경 점막절제 또는 내시경 점막하 박리술을 시행한 148예를 대상으로 하였으며 내시경 겸자 생검 결과와 최종 조직병리 결과를 비교하였다. 결과: 148예의 환자 중 고도 이형성증 63예, 저도 이형성증 85예였으며 최종 병리 결과 위선암 49예(33.8%), 고도이형성증 40예(27.0%), 저도 이형성증 59예(39.9%)였다. 고도 이형성증으로 진단된 63예는 최종 조직병리 결과 위선암34예(54.0%), 고도 이형성증 20예(31.7%), 저도 이형성증 9예(14.3%)였으며 저도 이형성증으로 진단된 85예는 위선암 15예(17.6%), 고도이형성증 20예(23.5%), 저도이형성증 50예(58.8%)였다.결론: 내시경 겸자 생검 결과 위점막 이형성증으로 진단된 경우 고도 이형성증의 경우는 내시경을 이용한 점막절제 또는 점막하 박리술을 통한 절제술을 시행하고 저도이형성증의 경우 주기적인 감시 및 재생검 뿐 아니라 정확한 진단을 위한 내시경 점막절제 등이 고려되어야 할것이다.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.48-51
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• 2013

73세 남자 환자로 약 1개월 전부터 상복부 불편감 주소로 본원 내원 후 시행한 상부 내시경 검사상 하체부 전벽측의 조기위암으로 내시경 점막하 박리술을 시행하였다. 조직검사 결과 저분화도(poorly differentiated type)의 선암이 발견되었고, 절제면의 암세포 침범 소견은 없었으나, 점막하 2층(900 um)까지 침윤된 소견과 일부 림프선 전이 소견이 보여 위 절제 수술(subtotal gastrectomy)을 시행하였다. 조직검사 결과 점막층에 국한된 저분화도의 선암이 발견되었고, 그 외 림프절 전이 등의 소견은 보이지 않아 수술 후 병기 1기의 조기위암(T1N0M0, stage IA) 으로 진단 후 추가적인 항암치료 없이 추적관찰을 하였다. 이후 6개월 마다 복부 전산화단층촬영술과 상부 내시경 검사를 시행하였으며, 수술 후 2년째 시행한 복부 전산화단층촬영 결과 간의 다발성의 전이성암으로 의심되는 소견이 관찰되었다. 간 조직 검사를 시행하였고, 조직검사 결과 저분화도의 선암으로 발견되었으며, 원발 병소를 확인하기 위해 면역화학 검사를 시행한 결과 췌담도 계통의 암에서 특징적으로 보일 수 있는 CK7과 CK19이 강양성 소견을 보여 담도암의 간전이로 의심하였다. 이후 췌담도 MRI 및 PET 검사 등을 시행 하였으나, 담도암 등의 소견은 관찰되지 않았다. 위암은 특징적으로 발생 기전에서 다양한 내적 및 외적 원인들(nitrosamine, H. pylori, E-cadherin mutation 등)로 인해 면역 화학 조직검사 결과가 다양하게 나타날 수 있기 때문에(heterogeneous cytokeratin expression pattern) 면역화학 검사 결과만으로 위암 가능성을 배제할 수 없는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 위암의 간전이로 진단 후 항암치료를 시행하였으며, 면역화학 검사에서 췌담도 계통의 암으로 오인되었던 재발성 전이성 위암의 증례 1례를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다.