• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2013

The mismatch negativity (MMN) is known to be a fronto-centrally negative component of the auditory event-related potentials (ERP). $N\ddot{a}\ddot{a}t\ddot{a}nen$ et al. (1997) and Winkler et al. (1999) discuss that MMN acts as a cue to a phoneme perception in the ERP paradigm. In this study a perception experiment based on an ERP paradigm to check how Korean and American English speakers perceive the American English high front vowels was conducted. The study found that the MMN obtained from both Korean and American English speakers was shown around the same time after they heard F1s of English high front vowels. However, when the same groups heard English words containing them, the American English listeners' MMN was shown to be a little faster than the Korean listeners' MMN. These findings suggest that non-speech sounds, such as F1s of vowels, may be processed similarly across speakers of different languages; however, phonemes are processed differently; a native language phoneme is processed faster than a non-native language phoneme.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 2005

Since 1980's, many enterprises have constructed Strategy Information System and tried BPR, ISP. Also, they implemented ERP and practiced the Process Innovation and Six Sigma for Management Innovation in todays, Although most companies had provious good plans, but those are not satisfied. Because of failed to change management and continued next activity. Many Project for Process innovation are ended as disposal project in many case, if they want next project, they need a new plan which needs additional fund and re source. This paper studied Process Innovation and Six Sigma in many things and proposed new model for continued project on the master plan. Also it proposed next study subject about ERP Optimization and Harmonization after implemented ERP which is considered as next step of PI.

• Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers
• /
• v.16 no.11
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 1998

• 해운
• /
• no.10 s.21
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
• /
• 2003.05a
• /
• pp.138-139
• /
• 2003

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.477-483
• /
• 2008

The observations of difference and similarity in brain activities involved in processing different languages have fundamental importance in cognitive neuroscience. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference and similarity in temporal brain activation patterns due to the language difference during visual perception of Korean and English words under priming. Especially, we tried to find the difference in evoked spectral power in gamma-band, which is known to reflect feature binding. The stimulation was visually presented as word pairs belonging to same or different categories so that N400 event-related potential(ERP) was evoked. Average ERP analysis and spectral analysis of gamma-band activity(GBA) were performed on 12 normal Korean subjects. Several ERP components such as P1, N1, N400, and P600 could be identified consistently, and the differences in N1, N400, and P600 were observed. From the spectral analysis, we found that the evoked GBA(eGBA) was significantly larger for English at ${\sim}100$ ms poststimulus. The latency of the eGBA was also considerably delayed for English. Overall, the results on the ERP components and eGBA analyses seem to be commensurate with subjects' familiarity of each language, and the difficulty of perceiving words of each language. The methods of this study can also be applied for clinical purposes considering that the language-related processing can be greatly altered for the patients with neurological or psychiatric diseases.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.73-81
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to observe the brain activity patterns during visual oddball tasks with two difficulty levels by the analysis of high-density event-related potential (ERP). Along with conventional statistical analysis of averaged ERP waveforms, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) for the individual, single-trial analysis and verified its effectiveness. We could identify multiple ERP components such as early visual components (P1, N1), and two components which seem to be important task-related components and showed difficulty-dependent variability (P2, P300). The P2 was found around central region at $180{\sim}220ms$, and the P300 was found globally at $300{\sim}500ms$ poststimulus. As the task became difficult, the P2 amplitude increased, and the P300 amplitude decreased. After single-trial ERPs were decomposed into multiple independent components (ICs), several ICs resulting from P2 and P300 sources were identified. These ICs were projected onto scalp electrodes and the projected ICs were statistically compared according to two task difficulties. For most subjects, the results obtained from single-trial/individual analysis using ICA gave the tendencies of amplitude change that are similar to the averaged ERP analysis for most subjects. The temporal pattern and number of ICs corresponding to ${\mu}$ rhythm was not dependent on the task difficulty. It seems that the motor response was not affected by the task difficulty.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.390-400
• /
• 2010

This study is aimed to test physiological and hematological actions of Rheum palmatum through clinical pilot study optimized for usual oriental medicine prescription. Thirty-one cases were finally collected and the sample extract 100 $m{\ell}$ of Rheum palmatum (ERP) was administered two times in a day during 3 days and checked with blood CBC test, urinalysis, liver function test, abdominal X-ray as well as general diagnostic process of oriental medicine; pattern identification, assessment of shapes and constitution. The total toxic effective rate of ERP was 9.68% in 3 cases of the whole in case of consistent uneasy state in the subjective symptomatic assessment and aggravation of blood and urine examination. The relevant diagnostic factors were so-eum constitution and essence type subject, carapaces species, lung type in the aspect of Jisan shape theory. On the other hand, the positive effective rate of ERP was 29.03% manifesting improvement of vital signs or present illness and no abnormal changes of blood chemistry and urinalysis and simple abdomen radiology. The relevant diagnostic factors were tae-eum constitution, energy type subject, aves species, heart and liver type in Jisan's shape theory. And the other cases were manifesting no specific change through the administration of ERP. The ratio of the numbers of decrease and increase was 44:5 in the tenderness and hardness of abdominal palpation. But if the pattern identification doesn't comply with the aim of rhubarb application despite of constipation and abdominal pain, the tendeness and biochemical report was shown in abnormal change. The mean number of diarrhea by ERP was $16.77{\pm}6.95$ during 3 days after administration, and the frequent areas of abdominal pain were lower>middle>upper in order, and it meant the target site of ERP too. Besides, the toxic reaction against ERP was expressed highly in case of decrease in blood cell count and hemoglobin, hematocrit having blood deficiency syndrome. Likewise, the toxicity of ERP was influenced by pattern identification manifesting present disease condition and diagnostic factors of four constitutions, Jisan's shape theory collaterally. In conclusion, evaluation of herbal toxicity in order for using as a clinical guideline, various diagnostic pattern information and shape features like the above should be studied together with other pharmacologic toxicology test for the future.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.39-59
• /
• 2018

To elucidate the effect of working memory (WM) load on negative facial emotion processing, we examined ERP components (P1 and N170) elicited by fearful and neutral expressions each of which was presented during 0-back (low-WM load) or 2-back (high-WM load) tasks. During N-back tasks, visual objects were presented one by one as targets and each of facial expressions was presented as a passively observed stimulus during intervals between targets. Behavioral results showed more accurate and fast responses at low-WM load condition compared to high-WM load condition. Analysis of mean amplitudes of P1 on the occipital region showed significant WM load effect (high-WM load > low-WM load) but showed nonsignificant facial emotion effect. Analysis of mean amplitudes of N170 on the posterior occipito-temporal region showed significant overall facial emotion effect (fearful > neutral), but, in detail, significant facial emotion effect was observed only at low-WM load condition on the left hemisphere, but was observed at high-WM load condition as well as low-WM load condition on the right hemisphere. To summarize, facial emotion effect observed by N170 amplitudes was modulated by WM load only on the left hemisphere. These results show that early emotional processing of negative facial expression could be eliminated or reduced by high load of WM on the left hemisphere, but could not be eliminated by high load on the right hemisphere, and suggest right hemispheric lateralization of negative facial emotion processing.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.29-57
• /
• 2006

Small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) face a number of different kinds of barriers to adopt information technology, including the lack of information, limited financial and technical resources, and absence of the well-trained work force in the realm of information technology. But application service provider (ASP)enables these SMEs to informatize. This paper is focused on studying the cases of the adoption and use of the ASP-based ERP systems that 7 SME shad adopted. The factors that influence the adoption and use of SMEs' ASP-based ERP systems are divided into the user companies that adopted the systems, the systems vendors, and environment. From the viewpoint of the user company, the successful adoption and use of the systems is significantly influenced by the clear motive of adopting the systems, the financial readiness, and the strong intention of CEO for pushing ahead with e-Business. From the systems vendor, it is influenced by the technical expertise of the vendor, the knowledge of the user company, and the experience of the systems development. From the perspective of environment, it is influenced by the push from the players in the value chains. The companies that had adopted the ASP-based ERP systems and that had extended the level of systems use had the benefits through reducing the cost, improving the internal business process, and achieving the learning and growth of the organization.