• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.8
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• pp.17.1-17.13
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• 2017

Background: Omega-3 long-chain (${\geq}C_{20}$) polyunsaturated fatty acids (${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA) confer important attributes to health-conscious meat consumers due to the significant role they play in brain development, prevention of coronary heart disease, obesity and hypertension. In this study, the ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA content of raw and cooked Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle from genetically divergent Australian prime lambs supplemented with dietary degummed crude canola oil (DCCO) was evaluated. Methods: Samples of LTL muscle were sourced from 24 first cross ewe and wether lambs sired by Dorset, White Suffolk and Merino rams joined to Merino dams that were assigned to supplemental regimes of degummed crude canola oil (DCCO): a control diet at 0 mL/kg DM of DCCO (DCCOC); 25 mL/kg DM of DCCO (DCCOM) and 50 mL/kg DCCO (DCCOH). Lambs were individually housed and offered 1 kg/day/head for 42 days before being slaughtered. Samples for cooked analysis were prepared to a core temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ using conductive dry-heat. Results: Within raw meats: DCCOH supplemented lambs had significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, $20:5{\omega}3$) and EPA + docosahexaenoic (DHA, $22:6{\omega}3$) acids than those supplemented with DCCOM or DCCOC; Dorset sired lambs contained significantly (P < 0.05) more EPA and EPA + DHA than other sire breeds; diet and sire breed interactions were significant (P < 0.05) in affecting EPA and EPA + DHA concentrations. In cooked meat, ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA concentrations in DCCOM (32 mg/100 g), DCCOH (38 mg/100 g), Dorset (36 mg/100 g), White Suffolk (32 mg/100 g), ewes (32 mg/100 g) and wethers (33 mg/100 g), all exceeded the minimum content of 30 mg/100 g of edible cooked portion of EPA + DHA for Australian defined 'source' level ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA classification. Conclusion: These results present that combinations of dietary degummed crude canola oil, sheep genetics and culinary preparation method can be used as effective management tools to deliver nutritionally improved ${\omega}3$ LC-PUFA lamb to meat consumers.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) may be beneficial for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events (CVEs), especially in patients with myocardial infarction or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. For this purpose, one to two seafood meals per week is preferentially recommended. Omega-3 fatty acids with a high-dose EPA formula (4 g/day) may be more effective than EPA+DHA mixed supplements for the secondary prevention of CVE. Krill oil also contains omega-3 fatty acids, but at a much lower dose compared to fish oil. Supplemental vitamins and minerals have not shown the preventive effects on CVE in prospective, and randomized clinical trials, except for one Chinese study showing the stroke prevention effects of folic acid. The clinical benefit of chelation therapy in reducing CVEs is uncertain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1467-1474
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• 2006

Fish-frames, which are left after obtaining fillets or muscle during fish processing, consists of useful food components, such as muscle, collagen, calcium, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study was carried out to prepare snack using conger eel frame (SF) for human consumption and also to elucidate food component characterization of the snack. The results of volatile basic nitrogen suggested that conger eel frame was a suitable material for preparing snack. Based on the results of sensory evaluation and costs, starch syrup was an optimal sweetener for preparing snack using conger eel frame. The starch syrup-treated SF appeared safe because the moisture content and peroxide value were below the safety limits described in the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Starch syrup-treated SF was similar in the pattern of fatty acid composition to soybean oil, whereas EPA and DHA were detected in SF. The total content of amino acid in starch syrup-treated SF was 23.9% based on 100 g of raw material. The maj or amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. The total contents of calcium and phosphorus in starch syrup-treated SF were 4.9% and 2.8%, respectively. The Ca/P of starch syrup-treated SF was 1.9, which is a good ratio for absorption of calcium. The SF made with starch syrup was superior in EPA and DHA compositions, total amino acid, calcium and phosphorus contents to commercial snack using eel frame.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.344-351
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adequate dietary fatty acid intake is important for toddlers between 12-24 months of age, as this is a period of dietary transition in conjunction with rapid growth and development; however, actual fatty acid intake during this period seldom has been explored. This study was conducted to assess the intake status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by toddlers during the 12-24-month period using 2010-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of 12-24-month-old toddlers (n = 544) was used to estimate the intakes of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), as well as the major dietary sources of each. The results were compared with the expected intake for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life and available dietary recommendations. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, and AA were 529.9, 22.4, 37.0, 3907.6, and 20.0 mg/day, respectively. Dietary intakes of these fatty acids fell below the expected intake for 0-5-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. In particular, DHA and AA intakes were 4 to 5 times lower. The dietary assessment indicated that the mean intake of essential fatty acids ALA and LA was below the European and the FAO/WHO dietary recommendations, particularly for DHA, which was approximately 30% and 14-16% lower, respectively. The key sources of the essential fatty acids, DHA, and AA were soy (28.2%), fish (97.3%), and animals (53.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the prevailing view of DHA and AA requirements on early brain development, there remains considerable room for improvement in their intakes in the diets of Korean toddlers. Further studies are warranted to explore how increasing dietary intakes of DHA and AA could benefit brain development during infancy and early childhood.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.339-344
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• 2011

We investigated the effects of enrichment with oil or bacteria on the fatty acid composition of rotifers and Artemia as live prey. One enrichment(oil source) was mainly composed of squid Todarodes pacificus liver oil; the other(photosynthetic-bacterial source) was primarily made up of Schizochytrium sp. The enrichments were intended to enhance the nutritional value of the live prey, such as their EPA, DHA and n-3 HUFA contents. The lipid content as EPA and DHA of rotifers was higher when enriched with the oil source rather than the photosynthetic-bacterial source. The DHA content of Artemia nauplii after enrichment differed significantly, depending on the type of enrichment used(P<0.05). When the Artemia nauplii were enriched with the oil source, the DHA content was increased to 16.8%, whereas it increased only to 1.1% when enriched with the photosynthetic-bacterial source. These results indicate that selection of the enrichment is important for Artemia nauplii but not for rotifers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 1994

The effects of feeding diets with different fatty acids on the composition of fatty acids and vitamin E status in maternal milk & serum and pup's serum were studied. Dietary fats(10% by wt) include on oil(CO), soybean oil(SO), perilla seed oil(PO : about 60% , C18 : 3 $\omega$3) and fish oil(FO : rich in C20 : 5$\omega$3, eicosapentaenoic acid = EPA & 22 : 6$\omega$3, docosahexaenoic acid = DHA), Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250g, were fed experimental diets from pregnancy through lactation period. Maternal milk was obtained by gentle squeezing after 30 minutes of oxytocin(0.2 IU, intraperitoneal) injection. The fatty acid compositions of milk and serum were analyzed at day-2 and day-15. The concentrations of vitamin E in maternal milk and serum and pup's serum were also analyzed. The groups of CO, SO and PO which had no DHA in their diet, contained DHA in their milk, The rations of EPA+DHA/arachidonic acid(AA) were higher in PO group than those in either CO or SO group. This seemed to be due not only to more conversion from C18 : 3$\omega$3 to C20 : 5$\omega$3 and C22 : 6$\omega$3 but also to inhibition of C18 : 2$\omega$6 conversion to C20 : 4$\omega$6. More DHA was found in day-2 milk than in day-15 milk. It was also noted that milk contained more DHA was found in day-2 milk than in day-15 milk. It was also noted that milk contained more DHA than serum and this difference was larger in day-2 than in day-15 milk. Even though the concentrations of vitamin E both in maternal serum and milk were lower in PO and FO groups fed highly unsaturated fat than in CO or SO groups, pup's serum did not show a significant difference among all the experimental groups indicating that the pups man secure their essential nutrients by the biomagnification mechanism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.420-430
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• 1991

To compare the hypolipidemic effects of n6 linoleic acid. n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid in rats fed high carbohydrate(70% Cal) diet. male Sprague Dawley rats were fed different experimental diets for 6 weeks. which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beer tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid(LA), perilla oil(PO) for n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid(LL) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Plasma total cholesterol(Chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA. HDL-Chol level was raised by n6 LA, but there was no significant change in HDL-Chol levels by n3 LL and was lowered by n3 EPA. Plasma TG level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TC level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. The relative proportions of TG in VLDL was significantly lowered by n3 EPA. but the proportions of Apo B in VLDL was not changed by n3 EPA. Overall. the hypolipidemic effect was in the order of EPA+ DHA(n3) >LL(n3) >LA(n6) and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.

• Bioindustry News
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.54-65
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• 1998

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.280-281
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• 1998

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.987-994
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acids on breast cancer, MDA-MB231 human breast cancer cells were cultured in the presence of $\alpha$-linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic(EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at a concentration of 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in serum -free IMM medium. Cell growth was monitored and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), $\alpha$-tocopherol contents, and oncogene expression were measured. To compare the effects of n-3 fatty acids with other types of fatty acid, steraic (STA), olieic(OA). linoleic acid(LA) were used. After one day , cell growth was retarded most highly when DHA was in the medium. Cellular TBARS level measured after three days of culture was the highest with DHA in the medium and was also increased by LNA and EPA, compared with STA, OA and LA. Alpha-tocoopherol contents of cells were decreased by DHA but only modestly. There was non significant difference in $\alpha$-tocopherol contents in cells cultured in the presence of the other fatty acids. northern blot hybridization carried out with cells cultured during 24 hours showed that levels of erbB-2 mRNA were not altered by six different fatty acids in the medium but those of c-myc were transiently decreased in the early period by both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The level of tumor suppressor gen p53 mRNA , however, was increased by DHA with time. It is concluded that the cytotoxicity of lipid peroxide and increased expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 are at least partly responsible for the inhibitory effect of DHA on growth of breast cancer cells.