• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.789-807
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between fatty acid intake and dyslipidemia in Korean adults, using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)I, II, III, and IV. After excluding subjects who had missing data for the dietary intakes, anthropometric measurments and laboratory tests, a total of 15,804 subjects aged 20~64 y (6,838 men and 8,966 women) from KNHANES 1998~2007 were included. All data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics software (version 18.0). Associations between fatty acid intakes and dyslipidemia were analyzed by logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, BMI, energy intake, marital status, job, education level, alcohol intake, and smoking status. Fatty acid intakes were significantly higher in men than in women. The risk of hypertriglyceridemia was significantly and negatively associated with intakes of TFA, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, EPA, DHA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in both men and women. The risk of hypercholesterolemia was not significantly associated with any fatty acid intakes in either sex. The risk of high LDL cholesterolaemia was significantly and positively associated with intakes of TFA, MUFA, PUFA, LNA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in men however, there was no significant association with any fatty acids in women. The risk of low HDL cholesterolaemia was significantly and positively associated with intakes of TFA, MUFA, PUFA, LNA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in men, and was significantly and negatively associated with intakes of MUFA, PUFA, LNA, and n-3 PUFA in women. These results show that dyslipidemia is significantly associated with individual intake of fatty acids, suggesting that fatty acid type may be related to the risk of dyslipidemia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.566-577
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• 1993

The study was to compare the effect of dietary fatty acids on fatty acid profile in tissue and the status of tocopherol and lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities at two fat levels. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing average 350g(17 weeks) were fed either low fat(LF, 4.3% w/w, 10% kcal) or high fat(HF, 20.8%, w/w, 40% kcal)diet for 6 weeks. The fats used were beef tallow as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil for n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil for n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and fish oil for n-3 eiocosapentatenoic acid(EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Palsma tocopherol was significantly reduced by fish oil compared to beef tallow at body fat level. However, there was no significant effect on the levels of plasma MDA, RBC MDA and tocopherol, and RBC hempolysis by the type and amount of dietary fat. The peroxidizibility index of fatty acid profile in plasma and liver was increased and liver MDA level was significantly increased by fish oil when dietary fat level was increased. The activities of SOD and GSHPx tended to be increased by perilla oil and fish oil at both fat oil significantly reduced the incorpration of c20:4 and increased the incorporation of c20:5 into liver compared to corn oil. The incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into tissue by perilla oil rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid was significantly higher tan corn oil and its effect was improved with higher amount of perilla oil in diet by high fat diet. Overall, the lipid peroxidation of tissue could be prevented by tocopherol supplementation when dietary fat level was low in diet. However, at high fat diet, tocopherol supplementation might not be enough to prevent the lipid peroxidation in tissue since the potential for lipid peroxidation was tended to be increased with higher incorporation of higher unsaturated n-3 fatty acids into tissue. Therefore, it could not be recommended to consume large amount of fish oil even with excess amount of tocopherol supplemented to the high fat diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2014

A total of 150 growing ducks were assigned to five dietary treatments to study the effect of sea tangle and charcoal (STC) supplementation on growth performance and meat characteristics in a completely randomized design. There were six replicates and five ducklings in each replication. The five dietary treatments were control, antibiotic, and 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% STC supplemented diets. No significant differences were found on ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed among treatments in different weeks. The overall (0 to 3 weeks) ADFI decreased in antibiotic treatment (p<0.05) whereas the gain:feed increased significantly upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to control (p<0.05). No significant variation was found in meat chemical composition except crude fat content which was high in 1.0% STC dietary group (p<0.05). Meat cholesterol was reduced in 0.1% STC group (p<0.05) compared to other dose levels while serum cholesterol was unaffected. High density lipoprotein (HDL) content was high in 1.0% STC (p<0.05) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was low in 0.1% and 1.0% STC dietary groups (p = 0.06). No significant effect was found on the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of fresh meat, whereas the TBARS value of meat preserved for 1 week was reduced significantly in STC dietary groups (p<0.05). The 0.1% STC dietary group showed an increased myristic acid (p = 0.07) content whereas, the content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids increased in STC supplementation than antibiotic group (p<0.05). An increased concentration of omega-3 fatty acids and a reduced ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio was found upon 1.0% STC supplementation compared to antibiotic dietary group (p<0.05). Therefore, 1.0% STC dietary supplementation can be used as alternatives to antibiotics in duck production.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 2015

Fatty acid (FA) composition of longissimus dorsi intramuscular fat in Black Yak and Chinese Yellow Cattle were evaluated in 44 Black Yak and 41 Chinese Yellow Cattle of both genders. Interactions of species with gender were observed for total saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA concentrations, as well as PUFA/SFA ratio in the longissimus dorsi (p<0.05). The SFA percentage was greater in yellow cattle than yak in both genders but the species difference in heifers was greater than in steers (p<0.05). Yak had greater UFA, MUFA and PUFA percentages than yellow cattle in both steers and heifers (p<0.05) but the difference between yak and yellow cattle heifers was greater than yak and yellow cattle steers. The percentages of inolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid; and PUFA/SFA were greater in yak than yellow cattle in both steers and heifers (p<0.05). In addition, the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in yak was lesser than in yellow cattle (p<0.05). These results indicated that FA composition generally differed between yak and yellow cattle but the differences were not the same in heifers as compared to steers. Results also suggested that species differences in FA composition tended to favor Black Yak over Chinese Yellow Cattle, indicating that the longissimus dorsi of Black Yak may have a higher nutritive value than that of Chinese Yellow Cattle and potential for development as a desirable natural product.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2002

Cigarette smoking has long been recognized as a major risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease. Several investigators have reported the strong association between smoking and high serum cholesterol, triglyceride concentration, SFA and low HDL cholesterol, PUFA and $\omega$6 concentrations. Therefore, this study was done to investigate the effect of smoking on the serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition of college women. Sixty-one non-smokers and twenty-seven smokers were selected from college women students in the Seoul area. Their lipid intake, serum lipid concentration and fatty acid composition were examined. There were no differences in the general characteristics and anthropometric indices between the smokers and non-smokers. However, alcohol consumption was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (p<0.001). The daily caloric intake of smokers and non-smokers were 1875.84 kcal and 1915.53 kacl, respectively. On the other hand, the mean daily intake of lipids and cholesterol were significantly lower in smokers (p<0.05). In smokers, the mean concentrations of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were higher, and the compositions of EPA and DHA were lowe than in non-smokers. There was a negative correlation between the serum triglyceride and PUFA levels in the two groups. Also, serum HDL-C correlated negatively with MUFA in smokers and non-smokers (p<0.01). These results suggest that smoking cause inadequate changes in serum lipid profile and serum fatty acid composition, thereby increasing the tendency for coronary heart disease.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.888-898
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• 2017

Tenebrio molitor larvae, also known as yellow mealworms (MW), are rich in protein and lipid and can serve as a potential alternative protein and energy source in commercial aquafeeds. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the effects of different drying methods on the nutritional value of MW meal. For this, live MW were cold-anaesthetized before being subjected to three different types of drying methods, including freeze-drying, oven-drying at $60^{\circ}C$ and air-drying at room temperature for three days, and compared for proximate composition and energy content. An in-vivo digestibility test was then conducted to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of MW meal in diets for rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. A test diet was prepared by mixing the MW meal with a reference diet (Ref) in a 30:70 ratio with chromium oxide as an inert marker at the inclusion level of 0.5%. Rockfish with mean body weight of 150 g were stocked into a fecal collection system equipped with fiberglass tanks of 400 L capacity. Each group of fish was fed one of the experimental diets to apparent satiation for 4 weeks. The results of the proximate analysis showed that drying methods had no significant effect on crude protein, crude lipid, ash and energy contents of MW. Despite being a rich source of protein and lipid, MW meal was deficient in certain amino acids, particularly methionine, and highly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:5n-3 (EPA). MW meal showed high digestibility values for protein (93%), lipid (97%) and energy (88%). These results may indicate that MW meal is a nutritious and acceptable feed ingredient, with comparable digestibility values to conventional animal and plant feedstuffs such as fish meal and soybean meal, in practical diet for rockfish at grower stage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2008

To improve the utilization of fish processing by-products, fish oils were extracted from hoki, yellowfin sole, mackerel, and horse mackerel, and their compositions were examined. The proximate compositions obtained for these 4 species of by-product revealed they were composed of 68.1$\sim$78.1% moisture, 1.2$\sim$1.6% ash, and 13.8$\sim$18.8% protein. Fish oils extracted from the hoki, yellowfin sole, mackerel, and horse mackerel were 5.5, 9.4, 13.4, and 10.3%, respectively. The total lipids extracted from the by-products of the 4 species were 6.21, 10.43, 12.81 and 10.06%, of which neutral lipids accounted for 77.38, 77.46, 87.21 and 86.79%, respectively. Neutral lipid analysis by TLC showed that triacylglycerol was the major component, while 1,3- and 1,2-diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, free sterols, and sterol esters were present as minor components. The major fatty acids were palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. DHA and EPA were contained at levels of 0.2$\sim$4.7% and 3.7$\sim$9.5%, respectively, in the 4 types of fish oil. The fish oils extracted from the dark muscle fish, mackerel and horse mackerel, had greater polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents than those of the white muscle fish species, hoki and yellowfin sole.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.270-277
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate seasonal changes in body composition in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris in Korea. B. pectinirostris collected in Gangjin, Jeonnam, consisted of 58.7-75.8% moisture content, 16.1-17.6% protein, 0.8-3.4% crude lipids, and 1.3-3.6% crude ash. Livers consisted of 15-17% moisture content, 14.0-16.8% crude protein, 34.4-71.2% crude lipids, and 0.5-1.2% crude ash. Calcium, iron, potassium, etc., content in B. pectinirostris muscle averaged 267.5-599.8 mg/100 g, 1.98-28.3 mg, 160.7-327.9 mg, 20.6-60.2 mg, 0.4-2.2 mg, 0.23-0.46 mg, 66.5-192.9 mg, and 1.32-3.8 mg, respectively. (Please clarify: the list of measured values must correspond directly with what was measured, not just "etc.") The major amino acids in B. pectinirostris muscle, in proportional order, were glutamic acid, isoleucine, and leucine; whereas the major amino acids in the liver were glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, and leucine. The major saturated fatty acids in the muscle were palmitic acid (15-19%) and stearic acid (8-11%). The major monoenes and polyenes were palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and oleic acid (C18:1), and EPA and DHA, respectively. The major saturated fatty acids and polyenes in the liver were the same as in muscle, but the monoenes were palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and cis-10-hepta-decenoic acid (C17:1). Seasonal changes in B. pectinirostris body composition may be attributable to differential accumulation of fat and nutrients in comparison to the spawning and hibernation period.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.82-88
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• 2001

Mackerel(Scomber japonicus), pacific saury (Cololabis saira) and sardine(Sardinops melanosticta) is widely distributed in coastal seawater of Korea, these fishes are not effective utilization as processing material cause by rapid lipid oxidation and off flavour. This study was attempted to lipid distribution in body section, whole body, meat, viscera, skin and head, and fatty acid composition of the oils obtained from these body section. The content of total lipid of mackerel, pacific saury and sardine were 12.48%, 12.79% and 13.81% respectively, and lipid contents in different body section of mackerel was muscle 2.31%, viscera 3.54%, skin 1.43% and head 5.20%, while in cause of sardine was muscle 4.17%, viscera 3.15%, skin 1.72%, and head4.77%. The major saturated fatty acids of mackerel, pacific saury and sardine oil were C$\_$16:0/(palmitic acid), C$\_$18:0/(stearic acid), C$\_$14:0/(myristic acid), and monoenoic acids was C$\_$18:0/(oleic acid), C$\_$16:1/ (palmitolic acid), C$\_$22:0/(erucic acid) and C$\_$20:1/(gadoleic acid), in cause of polyenoic acid was C$\_$22:6/(DHA, docosahexaenoic acid), C$\_$20:0/(EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid), C$\_$22:4/(behenic acid), C$\_$18:2/(linoleic acid) high quantity in order. When fresh oil extracted from mackerel, pacific saury and sardine was stored for 20 days at 5$\^{C}$, carbonyl and acid value of oil increased with storage day, but peroxide value decreased after 15 days.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.101-115
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• 2023

Environmental factors impact oyster growth, condition, and gonadal development, which is linked to gamete characteristics observed through histology. The reproductive cycle of bivalves is related to energy storage and utilization. Therefore, in this study, the year-round growth change and gonadal development of oysters were observed using histological analysis, and the biochemical composition changes were confirmed. The oysters used in this study are being nurtured in Gadeok-do, and 40 oysters were randomly sampled monthly from March 2021 to February 2022. Result of histological analysis of gonads, oysters were showed early development from December to February, late development from March and April, mature and ripe from May to July, spawned from August to October, and spent from November to December. Condition index values of oysters decreased in summer and autumn and increased again when entered the spent after spawning. The protein content of oysters was high in May, the maturity period, and the lipid content decreased during the spawning period. In addition, EPA and DHA, the major fatty acids of oysters, were low during the spawning period and high during the maturation period. As a result, this study suggested a close relationship between changes in oyster growth, biochemical composition, and the reproductive cycle.