• Mycobiology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2022

Lichen is a symbiotic mutualism of mycobiont and photobiont that harbors diverse organisms including endolichenic fungi (ELF). Despite the taxonomic and ecological significance of ELF, no comparative investigation of an ELF community involving isolation of a pure culture and high-throughput sequencing has been conducted. Thus, we analyzed the ELF community in Parmotrema tinctorum by culture and metabarcoding. Alpha diversity of the ELF community was notably greater in metabarcoding than in culture-based analysis. Taxonomic proportions of the ELF community estimated by metabarcoding and by culture analyses showed remarkable differences: Sordariomycetes was the most dominant fungal class in culture-based analysis, while Dothideomycetes was the most abundant in metabarcoding analysis. Thirty-seven operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were commonly observed by culture-and metabarcoding-based analyses but relative abundances differed: most of common OTUs were underrepresented in metabarcoding. The ELF community differed in lichen segments and thalli in metabarcoding analysis. Dissimilarity of ELF community intra lichen thallus increased with thallus segment distance; inter-thallus ELF community dissimilarity was significantly greater than intra-thallus ELF community dissimilarity. Finally, we tested how many fungal sequence reads would be needed to ELF diversity with relationship assays between numbers of lichen segments and saturation patterns of OTU richness and sample coverage. At least 6000 sequence reads per lichen thallus were sufficient for prediction of overall ELF community diversity and 50,000 reads per thallus were enough to observe rare taxa of ELF.

• 한국정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보과학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2 (1)
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• pp.781-783
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 리눅스의 대표적인 파일 포맷인 ELF 파일의 구조에 대해서 알아보며 리눅스 ELF 파일 변형 바이러스의 패턴을 추출하기 위해서 몇몇의 ELF 파일 변형 바이러스를 분석해보고 이것을 바탕으로 패턴을 추출하였다. 바이러스를 탐지하기 위한 방법으로는 전체 검색법과 특정위치 검색법이 있는데 본 논문에서는 특정위치 검색법을 사용하여 ELF 파일 변형 바이러스를 탐지하는 시스템을 구성하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 바이러스 탐지시스템은 리눅스 ELF 파일 변형 바이러스 탐색을 위해 대상 ELF 파일을 열어서 ELF 파일 여부를 확인하고, 그 파일의 헤더와 프로그램 헤더 부분을 읽어들인 다음 특정 위치를 추적해 바이러스 코드 패턴의 유무를 판별하도록 하였다. 시스템 구현결과 리눅스 ELF 파일 변형 바이러스도 기존의 Windows 계열 파일 변형 바이러스와 비슷한 행위를 수행함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.187-200
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• 1995

본 연구는 극저주파대 전자기장(ELF)의 잠재적 건강위해를 문헌을 통해 고찰하였다. 최근의 연구는 주로 거주지 또는 직업적으로 전자기장에 노출된 사람의 암발생 및 출산결과 그리고 신경행동학적인 영향을 조사하기 위한 역학적 조사가 대부분이다. 또한, ELF의 생물학적 영향을 연구하기 위한 실험적 연구도 수행되고 있다. 현재까지의 연구결과를 보면 ELF가 암을 유발한다고 추정은 되지만 확정적으로 단정할 수 있는 증거가 부족하며 암 이외의 생물학적 영향도 추정은 되지만 암과의 연관성보다는 그 근거가 미약하다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2023

Background: The association between exposure to extremely low frequency-magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and childhood leukemia has been controversial. There is a need to clarify this relationship by summarizing key conclusions from systematic review articles. Objectives: The major aim of this study is to summarize key conclusions from systematic review articles on the association between exposure to ELF-MF and childhood leukemia based on childhood exposure to ELF-MF, proximity from childhood household to high voltage cables, and parental occupational exposure to ELF-MF. Methods: This study was conducted through a brief literature review focusing on systematic, meta-analysis, and pooled analysis methods. We conducted a literature search in PubMed using the key words "ELF-MF" and "childhood leukemia" singly or combined. Results: In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO)'s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed two manuscripts to conduct pooled analysis and concluded that there is a significant association between exposure to >0.3 μT or 0.4 μT and childhood leukemia. We found a total of four manuscripts for systematic or pool analysis that have been published since the IARC's conclusion. They consistently concluded that there was a significant association between exposure to >0.4 μT and childhood leukemia compared to ELF-MF exposure to below 0.1 μT. The proximity of children's households to high voltage cable lines and occupational exposure by their parents to ELF-MF during certain periods prior to or during pregnancy were inconsistently associated with childhood leukemia. The study found that many EU countries have implemented precautionary policies to prevent potential childhood leukemia due to exposure to ELF-MF. Conclusions: This study recommends implementing a precautionary policy that includes legal exposure limits for ELF-MF to minimize exposure to ELF-MF.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.381-392
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• 2022

Objectives: Objective of this study is to review briefly exposure characteristics, monitoring instruments and threshold limit values for extremely low frequency-magnetic field (ELF-MF) methods. This study was undertaken through brief literature review. We performed a literature search in PubMed to identify ELF-MF studies conducted in workplaces. Initial search keywords such as 'extremely low frequency-magnetic field (ELF-MF)' and 'electromagnetic fields (EMF)' combined or singly. We limited our review to occupational rather than general nonworkplace environmental exposures. Methods: The contents we reviewed: key industry and occupations generating ELF-MF, several direct-reading instruments monitoring ELF-MF and threshold limit values (TLV) preventing health effects may be caused by the exposure to ELF-MF. Results: The industries related to the generation and supply of electricity, electrolytic installations, welding, and induction heating and more were regarded as high ELF-MF exposure industries. All jobs handling or employed performed in power cable lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment are found to be exposed to ELF-MF. Threshold or ceiling limit, 1,000 µT, is established to prevent acute effects of exposure to low-frequency EMFs on the nervous system: the direct stimulation of nerve and muscle tissues and the induction of retinal phosphenes. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified ELF-MF as possibly carcinogenic to humans chiefly based on epidemiological studies on childhood leukemia. However, a causal relationship between magnetic fields and several types of cancer including childhood leukemia has not been established nor has any other long-term effects. Risk management using precautionary measures, has been initiated by the US and EU to prevent chronic health effects related to ELF-MF exposure in workplaces. Conclusion: This study recommends the implementation of various measures such as theestablishment of occupational exposure limit values for ELF-MF and precautionary principle to prevent potential chronic occupational health effects may be caused by ELF-MF in Korea.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.165-174
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• 2006

매우 제한된 연산능력과 메모리 그리고 소용량 배터리를 가진 센서 노드로 구성된 센서 네트워크에서 플러딩이나 기존에 제안된 애드혹 라우팅 프로토콜을 적용하여 데이타를 전달하는 것은 현실적인 방안이 되지 못한다. 본 논문에서 우리는 ELF(Energy-efficient Localized Flooding)라고 하는 에너지 효율적인 데이타 전달 프로토콜을 제안하고자 한다. ELF 프로토콜은 소스 센서 노드와 이동성을 갖는 싱크 노드 간의 데이타 전달에 있어서 tracking zone이전 까지는 유니캐스트를 통해서 데이타 메시지가 포워딩되며, tracking tone내에서는 지역적인 플러딩을 통해서 데이타가 전달되도록 하여 유니캐스트와 플러딩의 장점을 적절하게 결합하고 있다. 시뮬레이션을 결과에 따르면, ELF는 매우 높은 data delivery ratio를 유지하면서도 average energy consumption 및 average delay는 낮은 특성을 보임으로써 센서 네트워크의 데이타 전달 방법으로써 매우 효과적임을 확인할 수 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.376-384
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the health status of residents who were exposed to sources of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) in the living environment and those who were not exposed to such a source of ELF-EMFs through a survey designed to appraise the residents' health levels. Method: Aimed at 251 residents exposed to a source of ELF-EMFs and 278 residents not exposed to a source, the survey was conducted to investigate the health status of the residents on the basis of questionnaire SF-36. Result: The health status scores of residents exposed to ELF-EMFs turned out to be lower than those of their counterparts. In terms of self-reported symptoms related to health and sleep quality, residents exposed to ELF-EMFs were found to have a higher complaint rate of self-reported symptoms such as dizziness, depression, and fatigue. Regarding sleep disorders, residents exposed to ELF-EMFs appeared to have a slightly higher complaint rate of sleep disorders compared to non-exposed residents. Conclusion: If a region is to be exposed to a source of ELF-EMFs, a more proactive policy for reducing such exposure is advised. In addition, it is necessary to better understand problems of residents by emplacing an ELF-EMFs risk information delivery system and building an efficient communication system for voluntary participation during the construction phase.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2010

ELF는 실행과 링킹 형식(Executable and Linkable Format)의 약어로서, 리눅스 시스템에서 사용하는 공유 라이브러리와 실행 파일을 위한 기본 파일 형식이다. 한편 링커는 정적 링킹을 통한 목적 파일 생성 시, 정적 공유 라이브러리의 심볼 정보를 목적 파일 내 심볼 테이블에 복사한다. 이 때, 심볼 테이블은 공유 라이브러리가 제공하는 함수 이름을 포함하여 여러 가지 디버깅 관련 정보를 포함하는데, 프로그램 실행에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않는다는 점을 이용하여 보안상 디버깅되는 것을 방지하기 위해 삭제될 수 있다. 본 논문은 심볼 테이블이 삭제된 ELF 목적 파일에서 정적 공유 라이브러리의 심볼 정보를 복구하는 방법을 제안하고 실제로 실험을 행하여 복구된 심볼 정보를 확인한다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2002

The interaction of low density extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF MF) in the frequency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mutation induced by bleomycin and on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) induced by 1,2,4-benzenetriol(BT) was demonstrated. CHO cells pretreated with bleomycin or 1,2,4-benzenetriol were exposed for 24hrs to a sinusoidal 0.8mT magnetic field at 60Hz. Frequency of HPRT mutation and SCEs were determined. ELF MF exposure led to a two-fold increase of the frequency of HPRT mutation induced by bleomycin. No increase of mutation frequency was observed by ELF MF alone ELF MF also increased the frequency of SCEs induced by BT while no Increase of SCE frequencies were observed by ELF MF alone. These results suggest that low density ELF MF field would art as an enhancer rather than as an initiator of mutagenic effects in CHO cell.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2011

Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) have the ability to produce a variety of behavioral and physiological changes in animals. The stomach, as the most sensitive part of the neuroendocrine organ of the gastrointestinal tract, is crucial for the initiation of a full stress response against all harmful stress. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether ELF-MF stimuli induce changes in the activity of neuroendocrine cells, considering their involvement in endocrine or paracrine effect on surrounding cells. The exposure to ELF-MF (durations of 24 h and 1 or 2 weeks, 60 Hz frequency, 0.1 mT intensity) altered the distribution and occurrence of gastrin, ghrelin and somatostatinpositive endocrine cells in the stomach of rats. The change, however, in the secretion of those hormones into blood from endocrine cells did not appear significantly with ELF-MF exposure. Comparing with sham control, ELF-MF exposure for 1 and 2 week induced an increase in $BaSO_4$ suspension propelling ratio of gastrointestinal tract, indicating that ELF-MF affects gastrointestinal motility. Our study revealed that ELF-MF exposure might influence the activity of endocrine cells, an important element of the intrinsic regulatory system in the digestive tract. The pathophysiological character of these changes and the mechanism responsible for neuroendocrine cell are still unclear and require further studies.