• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.599-605
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• 2021

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62494-1 has defined the exposure index (EI) that have a proportional relationship with the dose incident on the image receptor, and target exposure index (EI_T), deviation index (DI). In this study, an appropriate EI_T for skull radiography was established through the diagnostic reference level (DRL) and changes in DI were confirmed. Entrance surface dose (ESD) and EI were obtained using the computed radiography system displayed the EI as per IEC on console and skull phantom by experiment based on the national average exposure conditions announced in 2012 and 2019. And appropriate EI_T was established by applying the DRL in 2012 and 2019. As a results, the EI_T is changed according to the change in the DRL, and the exposure condition that becomes the ideal DI according to the change in the EI_T also has a difference of about 1.41 times. DRL is recommended to optimize the patient dose, however it is difficult to measure in real time at medical institutions whereas EI and DI are displayed on the console at the same time as exposure. When the EI_T is set based on the DRL and the DI is closed to an ideal value, it is useful as a patient dose management tool. Therefore, when the EI_T is periodically managed along with the revision of the DRLs, the patient dose can be optimized through the EI, EI_T and DI.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.533-538
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• 2018

As the use of digital radiographic system has been expanded, there are some concerns an increase about in patient of radiation dose. Therefore, International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) has been proposed a standard foe exposure index (EI). In this study, the EI was measured on human chest model using computed radiography (CR). Radiation quality used RQA5 of IEC62494-1. After acquiring the chest anterior posterior image (Chest AP) by using the phantom, the EI was obtained by applying the system response. In this study, we have analyzed the images with the detector size (Full filed ROI) and the optimized image (Fit filed ROI). The EI increased proportionally with radiation dose increase. Due to the discrete increase in pixel value, the EI showed an exponential increase. The discrete increase in noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) resulted in a discrete increase in the EI. The EI of the two images used in this study increased with increasing NEQ but showed different increments. For the measurement of the EI, IEC standards must be followed. The EI should be used as an index to evaluate the image quality for quality control of X-ray image rather than as an indicator of exposure dose. When calculating the EI, the system response should be applied depending on whether or not the grid is used. The size of the field should be obtained by including only the necessary parts.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.106-111
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• 1983

토양유실량 여측(予測)을 위해서는 강우인자(降雨因子)(R치(値))를 구(求)하여야 되며 이를 종뢰사용해오던 방법(方法)으로 구(求)할 경우 계산과정(計算過程)이 복잡(複雜)하고 어려워 실제 이용(利用)하기가 곤란(困難)하였다. 본(本) 연구에서는 이러한 불편(不便)한 점(点)을 고려(考慮)하여 간편(簡便)하고 실용적인 새로운 강우인자(降雨因子) 추정방법(推定方法)으로 IA-S Index을 제안(提案)하였다. IAS Index에 의(依)한 강우인자(降雨因子)의 추정(推定)은 연중(年中) 강우량(降雨量)이 최대(最大)가 되는 2개월간(個月間) 강우량(降雨量)의 총합으로 하였다. 이와 같이 추정(推定)된 강우인자(降雨因子)의 적용성(適用性)을 검토하기 위하여 우리나라 12개(個) 도시(都市)의 강우성적(降雨成績)을 토태(土台)로 기존방법(旣存方法)($EI_{30}$)과 상호(相互) 비교(比較)해 본 결과(結果) 7~8월에 집중(集中) 호우(豪雨)가 있는 지역(地域)에서는 제안(提案)된 방법(方法)인 IAS Index에 의(依)하여 강우인자(降雨因子)의 추정(推定)이 가능(可能)하였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2013

CR과 DR 장비에서 팬텀을 이용하여 선량과 노출지수(exposure index, EI)의 변화를 관찰하고 처리된 영상에서 NSR(noise to signal ratio)과 CNR (contrast to noise ratio)을 측정하여 디지털 시스템에서 방사선량을 최적화하기 위한 인자들 간의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. EI와 입사표면선량(entrance surface dose, ESD)는 CR과 DR 장비에서 모두 주어진 선량의 증가에 따라 비례하여 증가하였다. 적정범위 내 EI 산출시 CR의 경우 DR 보다 더 많은 선량이 요구되었으나 두 시스템에서 모두 EI 지표는 노출인자인 kVp, mAs의 증가에 대해 선형으로 비례하여 증가하였다. 특히, 검출기 효율이 우수한 DR 시스템에서는 선량 변화에 대해 더 안정된 감도를 나타내었고, 최소의 선량증가에도 영상의 유용한 대조도를 형성하여 화질의 향상에 쉽게 도달할 수 있었다. 이는 검출기 흡수선량과 밀접한 관련이 있는 EI 지표의 정확성을 예측 가능하게 하였다. EI의 물리적 특징과 영상평가를 위한 NSR 측정은 DR 시스템에서 CR 보다 더 낮은 NSR이 나타났으며 CR에서는 6 mAs이상의 관전류에서는 관전압의 값에 따른 영향이 상대적으로 적었다. 본 연구 결론은 디지털 시스템 검출기의 흡수선량 측정의 지표인 EI는 노출인자와 선형비례관계에 있었고 EI가 제조사에서 제공한 범위 내에 존재할 때 그 EI 지표가 우수할수록 최적의 영상화질을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 디지털 방사선 영상 기술에서 EI의 물리적 특징의 활용은 실제 임상에서 영상의 화질향상에 도움을 주고 검출기의 품질관리를 통하여 환자의 불필요한 피폭선량을 줄이는 데 많은 기여를 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2024

This study purpose to establish an appropriate target exposure index(EIT) using dose area product(DAP) and exposure index(EI) based on chest radiography. First, the system response experiment was conducted with radiation quality of RQA5 to compare the dosimetry and dose area product of equipment. Next, EI and DAP were acquired and analyzed while varying the dose in the diagnostic at 70kVp using a human body model phantom. The signal to noise ratio(SNR) of the obtained results was analyzed in the diagnostic with in the diagnostic reference level(DRL) application range. The DRL at percentage 25% had a dose of 0.17 mGy and EI was 83, and at percentage 75% the dose was 0.68 mGy and EI was 344. As the dose increased, the SNR in the subdiaphragm increased. To set the EIT, calibration must first be performed using a dosimeter and set within the DRL range to reflect the needs of the medical institution.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2000년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.327-332
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• 2000

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2007

Underreporting patterns by the level of obesity have not been fully assessed yet. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential underreporting patterns on cardiovascular risk factor, macronutrient, and food group intakes by the level of Body Mass Index (BMI). We analyzed cross-sectional baseline nutritional survey data from the population-based longitudinal study, the Healthy Women Study (HWS) cohort. Study subjects included 538 healthy premenopausal women participating in the HWS. Nutrient and food group intakes were assessed by the one-day 24-hour dietary recall and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, respectively. The ratio of reported energy intake (EI) to estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR) was used as a measure of relative energy reporting status and categorized into tertiles. Overweight group ($BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$) had a higher ratio of EI to BMR (EI/BMR) than normal weight group ($BMI<25kg/m^2$). Normal weight and overweight groups showed similar patterns in cardiovascular risk factors, nutrient intake, and food group intake by the EI/BMR. Fat and saturated fat intakes as a nutrient density were positively associated with the EI/BMR. Proportion of women who reported higher consumption (${\geq}4\;times/wk$) of sugar/candy, cream and red meat groups was greater in higher tertiles of the EI/BMR in both BMI groups. Our findings suggest similar patterns of underreporting of cardiovascular risk factors, and macronutrient and food group intakes in both normal and overweight women.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2019

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has regulated the definition and requirements of the exposure index (EI). In this study, we calculated the EI of several image receptors in digital radiography system of two different manufacturers according to the method as per IEC, and evaluated the relationship with incident air kerma. To calculate the EI, w e obtained the characteristics curve of each image receptor by increasing the incident air kerma at RQA 3, 5, 7 and 9, respectively. As a result, there was no significant difference in the EI values between different image receptors of the same manufacturer, but EI values of different manufacturer was different despite the same air kerma was incident. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of the digital radiography systems is important in order to use EI as a tool for measuring and managing the radiation dose.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2021

The field size of the lumbar spine X-ray examination, which belongs to the most frequent examination in general radiography, is 5 times wider than the width of the lumbar spine. Exposure index (EI) as per International Electrotechnical Commission has a proportional relationship with the dose incident on the image receptor for clinical protocols in addition to RQA5, which is a calibration beam quality. In this study, the effectiveness of the set field size was evaluated through the change of EI according to the size of field during lumbar spine X-ray examinations. Lumbar anterior-posterior and lateral examinations was performed using a whole-body phantom, and the national average exposure conditions of Korea investigated in 2017 were introduced for the X-ray exposure. As a result of comparing the EI displayed on the console of digital radiography system for the three field size in ① 18 × 36 cm2 ② 25 × 36 cm2 ③ 36 × 36 cm2, the EI values showed a tendency to increase as the field size increased. Since the patient dose, such as organ dose around the lumbar spine, increases as the field size becomes larger, thus, if the EI obtained from the field size at a level that does not interfere with diagnosis is set as a reference, the effectiveness of the field size can be evaluated through the EI displayed on the console when the lumbar spine X-ray examination is conducted.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2000

Streamflow patterns at two gauging stations in Korea, An-Dong dam and Chung-Ju dam, are statistically analyzed in relation to EI Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). As a measure of ENSO, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is used on a monthly and seasonal basis. The traditional correlation analysis shows that cross correlations of the SOI with the seasonal streamflow are generally weak. To investigate the relationship between the extreme values of the SOI, which represent the EI Nino and La Nina events, and the corresponding streamflow patterns, the composite analysis is employed in this study. The composite analysis demonstrates that when EI Nino occurs, seasonal streamflows at An-Dong and Chung-Ju dams during the period from September of the EI Nino year to February of the following year appear to be drier than their means.