• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제85권2호
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• pp.155-164
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• 2022

Background: The remarkable efficacy of osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with acquired T790M mutation has been widely documented in clinical trials and real-world practice. However, some patients show primary resistance to this drug. Even patients who initially show a favorable response have inconsistent clinical outcomes later. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify additional clinical predictive factors for osimertinib efficacy. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients with acquired T790M positive stage IV lung adenocarcinoma treated with osimertinib salvage therapy in Hallym University Medical Center were analyzed. Results: Sixty-one eligible patients were analyzed, including 38 (62%) women and 39 (64%) who never smoked. Their mean age was 63.3 years. The median follow-up after treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) was 36.0 months (interquartile range, 24.7-50.2 months). The majority (n=45, 74%) of patients were deceased. Based on univariate analysis, low baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (NLR), age ≥50 years, never-smoking history, stage IVA at osimertinib initiation, and prolonged response to previous TKIs (≥10 months) were associated with a significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS). Multivariate analysis showed that never-smoking status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-0.98; p=0.041) and a baseline NLR less than or equal to 3.5 (HR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.12-0.45; p<0.001) were independently associated with a prolonged PFS with osimertinib. Conclusion: Smoking history and high NLR were independent negative predictors of osimertinib PFS in patients with advanced NSCLC developing EGFR T790M resistance after the initial EGFR-TKI treatment.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2020

Purpose: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) frequently harbor activating gene mutations in either KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) and are highly responsive to several selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay with an Oncomine Focus Assay (OFA) panel was used for the genetic characterization of molecular targets in 30 Korean patients with GIST. Materials and Methods: Using the OFA that enables rapid and simultaneous detection of hotspots, single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertion and deletions (Indels), copy number variants (CNVs), and gene fusions across 52 genes relevant to solid tumors, targeted NGS was performed using genomic DNA extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples of 30 GISTs. Results: Forty-three hotspot/other likely pathogenic variants (33 SNVs, 8 Indels, and 2 amplifications) in 16 genes were identified in 26 of the 30 GISTs. KIT variants were most frequent (44%, 19/43), followed by 6 variants in PIK3CA, 3 in PDGFRA, 2 each in JAK1 and EGFR, and 1 each in AKT1, ALK, CCND1, CTNNB1, FGFR3, FGFR4, GNA11, GNAQ, JAK3, MET, and SMO. Based on the mutation types, majority of the variants carried missense mutations (60%, 26/43), followed by 8 frameshifts, 6 nonsense, 1 stop-loss, and 2 amplifications. Conclusions: Our study confirmed the advantage of using targeted NGS with a cancer gene panel to efficiently identify mutations associated with GISTs. These findings may provide a molecular genetic basis for developing new drugs targeting these gene mutations for GIST therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10847-10853
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• 2015

Background: Lapatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor that interrupts the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2/neu pathways, has been indicated to have significant efficacy in treating HER2-positive breast cancer. However, acquired drug resistance has become a very serious clinical problem that hampers the use of this agent. In this study, we aimed to screen small molecule drugs that might reverse lapatinib-resistance of breast cancer by exploring differentially expressed genes (DEGs) via a bioinformatics method. Materials and Methods: We downloaded the gene expression profile of BT474-J4 (acquired lapatinib-resistant) and BT474 (lapatinib-sensitive) cell lines from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using dChip software. Then, gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were performed with the DAVID database. Finally, a connectivity map was utilized for predicting potential chemicals that reverse lapatinib-resistance. Results: A total of 1, 657 DEGs were obtained. These DEGs were enriched in 10 pathways, including cell cycling, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion associate examples. In addition, several small molecules were screened as the potential therapeutic agents capable of overcoming lapatinib-resistance. Conclusions: The results of our analysis provided a novel strategy for investigating the mechanism of lapatinib-resistance and identifying potential small molecule drugs for breast cancer treatment.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.229-234
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• 2002

Chlorella is rich in chlorella growth factor (CGF). A review of the literature has described that CGF improves the capability of a Th1-based immunity, anticancer, antioxidant antibacterial activity, growth promotion, wound healing and so on, but has not studied the effect for the metabolism and the proliferation of human skin keratinocyte. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of metabolism and the proliferation of human skin keratinocyte in vitro. CGF was extracted with an autoclaving method which is a modified hot-water extraction method from dried chlorella and conformed by means of absorbance 0.22 at 260 nm. We have measured the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of the CGF by Cytosensor$^{\circledR}$ Microphysiometer and evaluated responsiveness depending upon the dosage on the HaCaT cell. The ECAR for the concentrations of 0.15, 1.5, 15, 150 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of CGF increased as a 103.6, 128.2, 149.0 and 423.9%, respectively compared to control (0.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 100% ECAR). The ECAR for ErbBl tyrosine kinase inhibited by 4-anilinoquinazolines, $C_{16}$H$_{14}$BrN$_3$O$_2$.HCl on tile HaCaT cells with the amounts of 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of the CCF compared with 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of rhEGF. The conclusion of the study is that CGF might increase human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation through the interaction between the epidermal growth factor receptor and itself.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

젖소 초유에는 성장인자가 풍부하게 함유되어 있는데, 상처 치유에 중요한 역할을 하고, 초유의 생리활성 기능을 담당하고 있다. Tyrosine kinase receptor의 활성을 유도하는 성장인자가 특이적으로 관여하여 세포의 분화, 면역기능, 신경기능 등 세포간 상호작용에 관여하는 EGFR(상피증식인자 수용체)와 FGFR(섬유아세포 증식인자)가 있다. 또한 VEGFR (혈관내피 증식인자)와 PDGF(혈소판유래 증식인자)도 존재한다. 조직회복을 위한 각질세포 분화와 세포의 이행에 성장인자가 상승효과를 나타내었고, 초유 또는 초유에 포함된 성장인자 peptide들은 장관질환 치료에 효과가 있으므로 치료제로 이용 가능성을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2017

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, for which smoking is considered as the primary risk factor. The present study was conducted to determine whether genetic alterations induced by radon exposure are associated with the susceptible risk of lung cancer in never smokers. Methods: To accurately identify mutations within individual tumors, next generation sequencing was conduct for 19 pairs of lung cancer tissue. The associations of germline and somatic variations with radon exposure were visualized using OncoPrint and heatmap graphs. Bioinformatic analysis was performed using various tools. Results: Alterations in several genes were implicated in lung cancer resulting from exposure to radon indoors, namely those in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tumor protein p53 (TP53), NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2.1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 (CHD7), discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2), lysine methyltransferase 2C (MLL3), chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5 (CHD5), FAT atypical cadherin 1 (FAT1), and dual specificity phosphatase 27 (putative) (DUSP27). Conclusions: While these genes might regulate the carcinogenic pathways of radioactivity, further analysis is needed to determine whether the genes are indeed completely responsible for causing lung cancer in never smokers exposed to residential radon.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.42-51
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• 2007

배 경: 폐암의 새로운 치료제로 각광을 받고 있는 TRAIL은 암에 선택적으로 apoptosis를 일으킨다고 알려진 cytokine으로 알려져 있다. 또한 gefitinib (Iressa)는 폐암의 적용된 최초의표적치료제로 각광을 받고 있다. 그러나 일부의 암세포에서는 이에 대한 저항성을 보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 암세포에서 외부의 apoptotic 자극에 저항성을 보이는 IGF-1R를 억제함으로 TRAIL 및 gefitinib의 항암작용을 증가시키고자 실험을 시행하였다. 방 법: 암세포주는 TRAIL 및 gefitinib에 민감한 NCI H460와 두 약제에 중등도의 저항성을 보이는 A549의 폐암세포주로 시행하였으며 IGF-1R의 억제는 본 연구자가 개발하였던 IGF-1 pathway를 dominant negative inhibition을 할 수 있는 adenovirus- IGF1R(482 ST, 950ST) 및 IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor인 Tyrphostin AG1024를 사용하였고 gefitinib에 대한 실험에서는 RNA interference를 이용하여 IGF-1R의 발현을 억제하는 adenovirus- shIGF-1R을 이용하였다. 결 과: TRAIL에 저항성을 보이는 폐암세포주(A549)에서 adenovirus-IGF1R(482ST, 950ST) 및 AG1024로 IGF-1R를 억제한 후 TRAIL을 투여한 경우 항암효과가 증대되었다. A549에 adenovirus- shIGF-1R을 감염시켜 IGF-1R의 발현을 억제한 결과 gefitinib에 대한 감수성이 증가되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.491-503
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• 2017

The effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were evaluated on growth inhibition of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii in host ARPE-19 cells. The number of tachyzoites per parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) was counted after treatment with TKIs. T. gondii protein expression was assessed by western blot. Immunofluorescence assay was performed using Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and T. gondii GRA3 antibodies. The TKIs were divided into 3 groups; non-epidermal growth factor receptor (non-EGFR), anti-human EGFR 2 (anti-HER2), and anti-HER2/4 TKIs, respectively. Group I TKIs (nintedanib, AZD9291, and sunitinib) were unable to inhibit proliferation without destroying host cells. Group II TKIs (lapatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, and AG1478) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to control pyrimethamine ($5{\mu}M$) at $20{\mu}M$ and higher, without affecting host cells. Group III TKIs (neratinib, dacomitinib, afatinib, and pelitinib) inhibited proliferation up to 98% equivalent to pyrimethamine at $1-5{\mu}M$, but host cells were destroyed at $10-20{\mu}M$. In Group I, TgHSP90 and SAG1 inhibitions were weak, and GRA3 expression was moderately inhibited. In Group II, TgHSP90 and SAG1 expressions seemed to be slightly enhanced, while GRA3 showed none to mild inhibition; however, AG1478 inhibited all proteins moderately. Protein expression was blocked in Group III, comparable to pyrimethamine. PDCD4 and GRA3 were well localized inside the nuclei in Group I, mildly disrupted in Group II, and were completely disrupted in Group III. This study suggests the possibility of a vital T. gondii TK having potential HER2/4 properties, thus anti-HER2/4 TKIs may inhibit intracellular parasite proliferation with minimal adverse effects on host cells.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.473-479
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• 2005

연구 배경 : Gefitinib은 경구용 상피세포 성장인자 수용체 억제제로서 주로 동양인, 여성, 비흡연가, 선암 세포형의 폐암 환자에서 반응율이 좋은 것으로 되어 있으나 그 정확한 기전에 대해 밝혀진 것을 없다. 최근 몇몇 보고에 의하면 병기가 진행된 폐암 세포에서 PTEN 발현이 감소되어 있었으며, 또한 PTEN 발현이 감소된 폐암 세포주에서 EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor의 반응율이 감소되었음을 보고한 논문들이 있다. 이에 저자들은 본원에서 비소세포 폐암으로 진단받고 표준 항암화학요법에 실패한 이후 gefitinib으로 치료받은 환자군의 폐조직을 대상으로 PTEN의 발현 정도를 조사하였으며, PTEN의 발현 정도와 임상병기, 치료반응율과의 상관관계에 대해 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2002년 1월부터 2004년 8월까지 본원에 내원하여 원발성 비소세포성 폐암 진단 받은 후 표준 항암 화학요법에 실패하고 gefitinib을 복용한 환자 38명 중 2개월 이상을 투여 받아 반응 정도를 평가가 가능한 환자로서 폐조직에 대해 PTEN 면역조직화학 염색 및 정량화를 시행할 수 있었던 22명의 환자들에 대해 환자들의 약제 반응율과 PTEN의 발현양상과의 관계에 대해 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결 과 : 평균 연령은 62세, 남녀의 비는 6.3:1이었으며, 조직 병리학적 분류는 편평상피암 32%, 선암 59%, 대세포암 등 기타가 9%였다. 병기는 I 병기 1례, II 병기 1례, III 병기 9례, IV 병기가 11례였다. ECOG performance status는 grade 0-1이 9명, 2가 11명, 3이 2명이었다. 조직 병리학적 분류에 따른 PTEN 발현의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또한 TNM 병기 상승에 따른 PTEN 발현율과는 서로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그 러나, 약제 반응을 보인 군에서 약제 반응을 보이지 않은 군보다 PTEN 발현율이 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p=0.039). 결 론 : 표준 항암 화학 요법에 실패하고 gefitinib을 복용한 비소세포 폐암 환자의 약제 반응율과 종양 억제 단백질인 PTEN의 발현율과 서로 상관관계가 있다.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.193-197
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• 2009

Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins were originally identified as negative feedback regulators of cytokine signaling and include the Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways. Recent studies have shown that SOCS proteins negatively regulate the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway including the insulin receptor (IR), EGFR, and KIT signaling pathways. In addition, SOCS1 and SOCS3 have been reported to have anti-tumor effects in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is uncertain whether other members of the SOCS family are associated with tumor development and progression. In this study, to investigate whether SOCS6 is aberrantly regulated in HCC, we examined the expression level of SOCS6 in HCC by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that SOCS6 was down-regulated in all examined HCCs compared to the corresponding normal tissues. In addition, expression of SOCS6 was observed in the cytoplasm of most normal and precancerous tissue, but not in the HCCs by immunohistochemical staining. This is first report to demonstrate that SOCS6 is aberrantly regulated in HCC. These findings suggest that underexpression of SOCS6 is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, and SOCS6 may play a role, as a tumor suppressor, in HCC development and progression.