• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.27-37
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• 2009

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. We retrospectively analyzed the results of neuroblastoma treatment of 191 patients (116 males and 75 females) treated between January 1986 and December 2005 at the Department of Pediatric Surgery and the Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital. The mean age at diagnosis was 3.1 years (0.1 yrs - 13.5 yrs). Forty-seven patients were under 1 year of age. The mean follow-up period was 57.3 months (24 days - 19.1 yrs). Patients were classified into two groups according to the completeness of resection of the primary tumor; (1) gross total resection (GTR) and (2) incomplete resection (IR). The number of patients in stages I, II, III, IV, IV-S were 17 (8.9 %), 12 (6.3 %), 43 (22.5 %), 114 (59.7 %), 4 (2.1 %), respectively. GTR was achieved in 120 patients and IR in 71 (22 stage III, 47 stage IV, 1 stage IV-S, 1 brain). Overall survival (OS) was 65.2 % and event-free survival (EFS) was 48.6 %. EFS were 100 %, 75 %, 66.8 %, 31.3 %, 75 % at stage I, II, III, IV, IV-S, respectively. There was no significant difference in EFS according to the completeness of resection. EFS was improved in GTR group (p=ns) of stage III, but by contrast, stage IV patients showed worse EFS in GTR group. EFS was improved significantly after the introduction of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) (58.1% vs. 40.6%, p=.029). The EFS improved significantly after the introduction of ASCT in IR group (p=.009) rather than GTR group (p=ns). The EFS of the patients under 1 year of age (N=47) was better than the patients over 1 year of age (N=144) significantly (75.5 % vs. 39.4 %, p=.0034). The prognosis of neuroblastoma was related to the INSS stage and age at diagnosis. The survival of IR group significantly improved after ASCT.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1997

본 연구는 체외생산된 생쥐 1-세포기배의 초자화동결이 체외/체내 발달율과 수정란 이식후 태어난 산자의 염색체에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 실시하였다. 체외수정하여 얻어진 생쥐 1-세포기배는 EFS40 (40% ethlyene glycol, 30% Ficoll, 0.3 M sucrose) 동결액을 이용하여, 상온 ($25^{\circ}C$)에서 30초 동안 노출한후, 액체질소에 침지하여 초자화동결하였다. 동결후 융해된 생쥐 1-세포기 수정란은 M16 배양액에서 4일동안 배반포기까지 배양하였고, 이때 배반포기까지의 체외배 발달율은 71.5%였으며, 배양된 배반포기배는 가임신 3일된 대리모의 한쪽 또는 양쪽 자궁각에 (6~8개/자궁각) 이식하였다. 모든 대리모는 분만을 유기하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 임신율과 체내 생존율 즉, 산자 생산(80.0, 39.6%)에 있어서 대조군 (77.8, 50.0%)과 유의차가 없었다. 또한 수정란 이식후 태어난 모든 산자의 염색체 (n=40)는 정상이었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어볼 때 본 실험에서 이용된 초자화동결방법은 생쥐 1-세포기배의 동결에 효과적으로 이용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.599-605
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• 1996

This study was designed to examine the mechanism of penile erection in adult bull by analyzing the responses of bovine proximal retractor penile muscle strips(BRP) to electtical field stimulation(EFS), exogenous nitric oxide(NO), NO synthesis precursor(L-arginine), NO synthase inhibitors(L-NAME, L-NMMA), guanylate cyclase inhibitor(methylene blue) and nonspecific potassium channel blocker(tetraethylammonium, TEA) treatments. Isometric tension of BRP was measured using physiograph. Results were summarized as follows: 1. EFS of nonadrenergic noncholinrgic(NANC) nerve in BRP produced frequency-dependent inhibitory responses to the contraction induced by co-treatment of epinephrine, guanethidine and atropine. The inhibitory responses to EFS were blocked by tetrodotoxin(TTX, $1{\mu}M$). 2. Treatment of L-NAME ($10,\;20{\mu}M$) inhibited the relaxation to EFS whereas L-NMMA ($100{\mu}M$) had no effect. 3. Treatment of NO($20,\;40{\mu}M$; as an acidified solution of $NaNO_2$) induced concentration-dependent relaxation whereas preincubation of TTX($1{\mu}M$) and L-NAME($20{\mu}M$) had no effect on the relaxation response. 4. L-arginine treatment(10mM) blocked the inhibitory effect of L-NAME($20{\mu}M$). 5. Pretreatment of methylene blue($40{\mu}M$) reduced the NANC-induced relaxation of BRP. 6. Tetraethylammonium(TEA, 80mM) reduced NANC relaxation. These results suggest that NO may act as a NANC neurotransmitter in BRP and the effects might be mediated by cGMP and potassium channel.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.119-128
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• 1997

The relaxation of gastric fundus smooth muscles is the primary physiological event which induces the receptive relaxation of monogastric animals. L-arginine/Nitric oxide(L-arg/NO) system is known to mediate the inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic(NANC) neurotransmission in various tissues including gastrointestinal smooth muscles. The longitudinal smooth muscles of porcine gastric fundus showed fast relaxation during electrical field stimulation(EFS) and rebound contraction after EFS in NANC condition. So, the purpose of present study was elucidation of the neurotrasmitters related to the NANC relaxation and explanation of the relation between NANC relaxation and L-arg/NO system. The longitdinal smooth muscles of porcine gastric fundus were hung in the organ bath and under the presence of guanethidine($5{\times}10^{-5}M$), precontraction was induced by carbachol($1{\times}10^{-6}M$). The muscle responses to EFS and drugs were isomerically recorded. The rusults were summarized as follows. 1. The longtudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus showed frequency-dependent relaxation and rebound contraction to electrical field stimulaton(1ms, 8V, 1~16Hz, 20sec, EFS). These responses were blocked by tetrodotoxin($1{\times}10^{-6}M$). 2. The relaxation and rebound contraction of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus to EFS were inhibited by L-NAME($2{\times}10^{-5}M$). The inhibitory effect of L-NAME was antagonized by L-arginine($1{\times}10^{-3}M$), but not by D-arginine($1{\times}10^{-3}M$). 3. Exogenous NO($NaNO_2$, $1{\times}10^{-5}{\sim}1{\times}10^{-4}M$, pH=2.0) caused concentration-dependent relaxation as EFS did. 4. Methylene Blue($2{\times}10^{-5}M$), a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, inhibited the relaxation and rebound contraction of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus induced by EFS, but N-ethlmaleimide, a adenylate cyclase inhibitor, did not. 5. 8-Br-cGMP($1{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}3{\times}10^{-6}M$), permeable cGMP analogue, induced dose-dependent relaxation. but 8-Br-cAMP($1{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}3{\times}10^{-6}M$), permeable cAMP analogue, did not. Both did not evoked rebound contraction. 6. ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin did not affect the relaxation of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus. 7. Reactive blue 2($1{\times}10^{-4}M$, 40min) siginificantly inhibited the rebound contraction induced by EFS and inhibited contraction caused by exogenous ATP($1{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}1{\times}10^{-3}M$). These results suggests that NANC relaxation of the longitudinal muscles of porcine gastric fundus mainly mediated by NO and the rebound contraction is related to NO and other neurotransmitters.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.145-153
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of vitrification solution and developmental stage on the survival rate of vitrified-thawed human blastocyst embryos. Human blastocyst embryos were cryopreserved by vitrification using EFS and GE solution, and their survival rates were examined after thawing and further culture. EFS solution was consisted of 40% ethylene glycol, 18% Ficoll 70 and 0.3M sucrose. GE solution was consisted of 25% glycerol and 25% ethylene glycol. Embryos were exposed to EFS and GE solution by 2 steps and 3 steps, respectively, and plunged into liquid nitrogen after loading into 0.25ml plastic straws. Blastocysts were classified into 4 groups in accordance with their developmental stage: into 1) EEB, 2) MEB and 3) EdB, of blastocysts developed on day 5, and 4) 6d-Bla(the blastocysts which formed on day 6). The blastocysts at each stage were vitrified by GE solution and cryopreserved in LN2. After thawing them, we examined their survival rates, respectively. The resulted of this study were as follows: 1. The survival rate of blastocysts vitrified by GE solution was 64.4%, significantly higher than that (5.7%) vitrified by EFS solution (P<0.001). 2. When the blastocysts were vitrified by GE solution according to each developmental stage, the survival rates of EEB, MEB, EdB and 6d-Bla were 65.9%, 65.9%, 73.2% and 58.1%, respectively. In conclusion, the cryopreservation of human blastocysts by vitrification is likely to have a marked advantage in terms of cost, work and time as compared to the conventional slow freezing in IVF-ET programs.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.113-113
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vitrification solution(VS) on in vitro developmental competence of immature porcine oocytes. The immature porcine oocytes were exposed to the following vitrification solution, at RT. 1) EFS sol. : 20% ethylene glycol (EG) 3 min, 40% EG + 18%(w/v) Ficoll(MV70, 000) + 0.3 M sucrose 30 sec, 2) GE sol. : 10% glycerol 5 min, 10% G + 20% EG 5 min, 25% G +25% EG 30 sec, 3) EG sol : 1.5M EG 2.5 min, 5.5 M EG + 1.0 M sucrose 30 sec. Oocytes were immediately transferred into 1.0 M, 0.5 M, 0.25 M, 0125 M, 0 M sucrose solution for 2.5 min each at RT. After removal of VS, immature oocytes were matured in vitro and subsequently all oocytes were subjected to IVF followed in vitro culture for 7 days. Maturation rates of oocytes were 38.8%, 44.5%, 22.4% and 57.6%, in EFS, EG, GE and Control, respectively, maturation rates of oocytes in EG and Control was significantly higher than EFS and GE(P<0.01). Fertilization rates of oocytes in Control was significantly higher than other treated groups(P<0.05), but no difference were observed among treated groups. Polyspermic rates were no significant difference among four groups. Cleavage rates of oocytes were 21.9%, 47.1%, 19.0% and 65.9%, in EFS, EG, GE and Control, respectively, cleavage rates of oocytes in EG and Control was significantly higher than EFS and GE(P<0.05), but blastocyst formation rates were no significant difference among four groups. These results suggested that the use of EG solution could be a great challenge for reaching a successful vitrification of immature porcine oocytes.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 1996

본 연구는 30% Ficoll과 0.3M sucrose가 함유된 mDPBS 용액에 40%의 ethylene glycol을 첨가함으로서 제조된 EFS40을 이용하여 1-세포기의 생쥐수정란을 효율적으로 동결할 수 있는 적정 조건을 확립하기 위하여 실시하였다. 체외수정에 의해 생산된 생쥐수정란은 1단계 동결법 혹은 2단계 동결법, 두 가지 동결 방법에 의해 각각 초자화 동결되었으며, 동결 후, 융해된 수정란의 생존율은 2-세포기로 분할율과 배양 5일째 탈출배반포기로의 발달율로 각각 검증하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1단계 동결법에서, 수정란을 직접 초자동결액에 1분 동안 노출시켰을 때, 수정란의 생존율은 85.5%, 발달율은 31.9%였다. 수정란을 먼저 20% ethylene glycol에 1, 3, 5분간 노출시킨 후, 1분동안 EFS40 용액으로 옮겨 동결하는 2단게 동결법에서는 1단게 동결법보다 낮은 생존율을 보였다(65.4, 53.6 및 29.6%). 가장 높은 생존율(95.9%)은 EFS40에서 30초동안 노출이 1단계 동결법에서 얻을 수 있었다. 이 조건하에서 2-세포기로 분할된 수정란의 63.8%가 탈출배반포기로 발달하였다. 또한, Differential labelling 기법을 이용하여 Total과 ICM(inner cell mass)의 세포수를 조사한 결과, 초자 동결 후 발달된 배반포의 Total과 ICM 세포수(63.2$\pm$16.9, 13.5$\pm$4.0)와 대조군 세포수(54.0$\pm$15.2, 12.3$\pm$4.6)간에는 각각 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 동결로 인한 수정란의 발달율은 다소 낮았지만, 동결후 융해된 수정란은 정상적으로 배반포까지 발달함을 보여준다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 보아, 본 실험에 사용된 초자화 동결 방법은 1-세포기 생쥐 수정란을 성공적으로 동결시킬 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.379-384
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• 1996

본 연구는 생쥐 1-세포기 수정란의 초자화 동결과 동결액 노출에 따른 수정란의 배발달율과 SCE 빈도를 조사하고자 실시하였다. 체외수정된 생쥐 1-세포기 수정란의 동결은 EFS40 (40% ethylene glycol, 30% Ficoll, 0.3 M sucrose)의 초자화동결법을 이용하였으며, $25^{\circ}C$에서 30 초동안 EFS40에 노출시킨 다음, 곧바로 액체질소에 침투시키거나, 동결액의 독성 검사를 위해 동결없이 배양하여 다음과 같은 결과를 보였다. 융해후, 2-세포기 까지 생존율은 EFS40에 노출 혹은 초자화동결시 각각 95.2, 98.5% 로서 대조군의 100%와 비교했을때 큰 차이가 없었다. 그러나 배반포와 탈출배반포까지의 배발달율에 있어서 초자화 동결된 군 66.7, 50.0%는 동결액에 노출만된 군 94.0 78.8%와 대조군 93.9, 81.8%에 비해 낮았다 (p<0.05). 동결액에 노출 혹은 초자화동결된 생쥐 1-세포기의 체외 발달에 따른 SCE 빈도를 조사한 결과, 동결액 노출 ($20.2{\pm}2.1$) 혹은 초자화동결시 ($21.4{\pm}3.2$) SCE 빈도가 대조군 ($16.8{\pm}1.5$)에 비해 증가하였다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 고찰할 때, 초자화동결된 1-세포기 수정란의 배반포 또는 탈출 배반포까지의 낮은 배발달율은 동결액의 영향을 받지 않았으나, SCE 빈도는 동결액에 노출 혹은 초자화 동결시 증가 된다는 것을 알수 있다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2012

전기로 산화슬래그를 콘크리트용 잔골재로 사용하기 위해서는 제철소 제강과정에서 용융상태로 배출되는 제강슬래그를 에이징처리하여 안정된 구조로 변환시켜 이온이나 전자의 이동을 억제하여 슬래그의 화학적 물리적 저항성을 증대시켜 사용하여야 한다. 우리나라에서는 전기로 산화슬래그를 콘크리트용 잔골재로 활용하기 위한 제도적 기반으로서 KS F 4571이 제정되어 부산물의 자원화 시스템 기반이 마련되었다. 본 연구에서는, 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재를 콘크리트포장 관련 보수재로 그 효과가 인정된 폴리머 속경성 시멘트 콘크리트(polymer rapid set cement concrete : PRCC)용 잔골재로 사용하기 위한 기초물성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 콘크리트용 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재를 100% 치환하였으며 기존 보수재 대비 단위시멘트 20%, 라텍스 혼입률 50%를 저감시킨 최적배합을 도출하였다. 도출된 최적 배합에 의한 콘크리트 성능 평가결과, 초기 압축강도 35 MPa 이상, 휨강도 7 MPa 이상 등 매우 고강도를 나타내었으며 내구성 평가에서 투수성, 동결융해저항성, 표면박리저항성 모두 기준값 이상의 결과를 나타내는 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재를 이용한 새로운 폴리머 속경성 시멘트 콘크리트를 개발하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2002

Objective: This study was carried out to establish the effectiveness of the vitrification method and the optimal cryoprotectants in the cryopreservation of human embryonic stem cells (ESC). Materials and Methods: Human ESC clumps established at Seoul National University Hospital (SNUhES 1) were cryopreserved with the vitrification method using the EM grid. EDS and EFS40 were used as vitrification solutions. Results: Between the EDS and EFS40 groups, there was no significant difference in the recovery rate after cryopreservation of human ESC. The formation rates of ESC colonies in the vitrified groups were significantly lower than those in the control ESC group (p<0.05, p<0.05). In addition, the formation rate of ESC colonies in the EDS group was significantly higher than that in the EFS40 group (p<0.05). The ESC colonies in the vitrified groups were significantly smaller after culture duration of 2 and 4 days, respectively, compared with the control ESC group (p<0.1, p<0.05). However, these effects could be reduced to nonsignificant level by the additional culture of ESC colonies. The vitrified human ESC retained the properties of pluripotent cells, including the expression of cell surface. markers for the undifferentiated cells such as alkaline phosphatase and SSEA-4 (stage-specific embryonic antigen-4), and the expression of transcription factor Oct-4 (octamer-binding transcription factor-4), and the normal karyotype. Conclusion: The vitrification method using the EM grid and EDS solution was confirmed to be very effective for the cryopreservation of human ESC.