• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2020

Endometrial cancer (EC) in young women tends to be early-stage and low-grade; therefore, such cases have good prognoses. Fertility-sparing treatment with progestin is a potential alternative to definitive treatment (i.e., total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic washing, and/or lymphadenectomy) for selected patients. However, no evidence-based consensus or guidelines yet exist, and this topic is subject to much debate. Generally, the ideal candidates for fertility-sparing treatment have been suggested to be young women with grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma confined to the endometrium. Magnetic resonance imaging should be performed to rule out myometrial invasion and extrauterine disease before initiating fertility-sparing treatment. Although various fertility-sparing treatment methods exist, including the levonorgestrel-intrauterine system, metformin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, photodynamic therapy, and hysteroscopic resection, the most common method is high-dose oral progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate at 500-600 mg daily or megestrol acetate at 160 mg daily). During treatment, re-evaluation of the endometrium with dilation and curettage at 3 months is recommended. Although no consensus exists regarding the ideal duration of maintenance treatment after achieving regression, it is reasonable to consider maintaining the progestin therapy until pregnancy with individualization. According to the literature, the ovarian stimulation drugs used for fertility treatments appear safe. Hysterectomy should be performed after childbearing, and hysterectomy without oophorectomy can also be considered for young women. The available evidence suggests that fertility-sparing treatment is effective and does not appear to worsen the prognosis. If an eligible patient strongly desires fertility despite the risk of recurrence, the clinician should consider fertility-sparing treatment with close follow-up.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1803-1806
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• 2013

Purpose: Carbohydrate antigen (CA) 242 is inversely related to prognosis in many cancers. However, few data regarding CA 242 in esophageal cancer (EC) are available. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of CA 242 and propose an optimum cut-off point in predicting survival difference in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 192 cases. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for survival prediction was plotted to verify the optimum cuf-off point. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate prognostic parameters for survival. Results: The positive rate for CA 242 was 7.3% (14/192). The ROC curve for survival prediction gave an optimum cut-off of 2.15 (U/ml). Patients with CA 242 ${\leq}$ 2.15 U/ml had significantly better 5-year survival than patients with CA 242 >2.15 U/ml (45.4% versus 22.6%; P=0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that differentiation (P=0.033), CA 242 (P=0.017), T grade (P=0.004) and N staging (P<0.001) were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Preoperative CA 242 is a predictive factor for long-term survival in ESCC, especially in nodal-negative patients. We conclude that 2.15 U/ml may be the optimum cuf-off point for CA 242 in predicting survival in ESCC.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2013

Establishment of a new concept of environmental friendly livestock manure management is required based on the facts. But now liquid fertilizer quality in korea shows a large difference among regions and the regulations are uncertain. Focusing on precedent study on main level-grading factors of liquid fertilizer quality certification, the study collected laws and standards related to liquid fertilizer of livestock manure at home and abroad and produced evaluation standards. Liquid fertilizer was divided into four factors (fertilizing value, harmfulness, stability and uniformity). According to each item, scores were awarded based on 16 details: fertilizing value (Nitrogen concentration, the whole concentration of Nitrogen, Phosphoric acid and Kalium), harmfulness (heavy metals, pathogenic microorganism and antibiotics), stability (maturity degree and odour), uniformity (EC, BOD, SS, moisture content and salt). The grade of liquid fertilizer, A (42~48), B (34~41), C (26~33) were rated using total scores.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2017

Soil quality has been regarded as an important factor for maintaining sustainability of ecosystem. Main purpose of this research was i) to select minimum factor for predicting biomass, and ii) to calculate soil quality index for biomass according to soil chemical properties. Result showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and available phosphorus are minimum data set for calculating biomass production in soil. Selected representative soil chemical properties were evaluated for soil quality index and rated from 1 to 5 (1 is the best for biomass production). Percentage of each grade in terms of biomass production in national wide was 14.52, 35.23, 33.03, 6.47, 10.75% respectively. Although, only soil chemical properties were evaluated for calculating optimum soil quality, result of this research can be useful to understand basic protocol of soil quality assessment in national wide.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1389-1394
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest development area. The results of physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest development area shown on the average loamy sand~sandy clay loam in soil texture, 5.3~7.1 in pH, 0.02~0.18 dS/m in EC, 0.7~1.8% in OM, 0.03~0.11% in T-N, 11~15 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.02~0.04 $cmol^+/kg$ in $K^+$, 4.51~8.18 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 0.93~2.77 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Mg^{2+}$, 6~49 mg/kg in available phosphate. And the results of physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest non-development area shown on the average sandy loam~sandy clay loam in soil texture, 4.4~5.3 in pH, 0.03~0.05 dS/m in EC, 3.1~4.6% in OM, 0.13~0.23% in T-N, 14~18 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.02~0.04 $cmol^+/kg$ in $K^+$, 0.78~3.82 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 0.29~1.31 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Mg^{2+}$, 3~31 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$. On the other hand, forest development area of topsoil sand content higher than 8~18% sand content than the forest non-development area. This trend is thought to be the absence of topsoil management development projects. Consequently, the results suggested a high potential of recycling of the topsoil from forest non-development area for planting soil. Therefore, in construction of the conservation and management of topsoil from forest non-development area is very important.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1447-1455
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze physicochmical characteristics of oil within planting base of Incheon coastal reclamation cities where 10 years have passed since reclamation, and to provide basic data to promote growth and development of plants by conducting evaluation based on the planting degree standard. Study targets were Cheongra, Sondo, and Yeongjong districts within Incheon Free Economic Zone, the coastal reclamation city. The analysis results of average soil characteristics of 3 districts. Soil acidity(pH) was shown in orders of Cheongra district(8.85) > Songdo district(8.70) > Yeongjong district(7.97) and electric conductivity(EC) was shown in orders of Cheongra district(4.80 dS/m) > Songdo district(1.30dS/m) > and Yeongjong district(0.07 dS/m). Organic matter content(OMC) was shown in orders of Cheongra district(5.72%) > Songdo district(2.60%) > Yeongjong district(0.59%) and available phosphate was shown in orders of Cheongra district(70.70 mg/kg) > Songdo district(23.07 mg/kg) > Yeongjong district(2.49 mg/kg). $K^+$ was shown in orders of Songdo district(0.84 cmol/kg) > Cheongra district(0.74 cmol/kg) > Yeongjong district(0.22 cmol/kg), $Ca^{++}$ was shown in orders of Cheongra district(22.08 cmol/kg) > Songdo district(9.87 cmol/kg) > Yeongjong district(4.04 cmol/kg), and $Mg^{++}$ was shown in orders of Cheongra district(1.98 cmol/kg) > Songdo district(1.22 cmol/kg) > Yeongjong district(1.12 cmol/kg). Planting base level of coastal reclaimed land can be applied with above intermediate level, soil acidity and available phosphate were all more than intermediate in 3 districts, and electric conductivity was low level in Cheongra district and more than intermediate level in Songdo and Yeongjong districts. Organic matters content was more than intermediate level in Cheongra district and low level in Songdo and Yeongjong district. $K^+$ among exchangeable ions was intermediate level in Cheongra and Songdo districut and low in Yeongjong district. $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ both were more than imtermidiate levels in 3 districts.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2006

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the factors related to the perceived peer smoking prevalence for adolescents. Methods: A self-administrated questionnaire was administered to 352 students in a technical high school in Kangwon Province in May, 2002. The questions included in the questionnaire were concerned with the estimated number of smokers among ten students of the same grade in their school, the sociodemographic characteristics, the smoking-related behaviors and attitudes, and the smoking-related environments. All the students had their expiratory carbon monoxide level measured with EC50 Micro-Smokerlyzer? to verify their smoking status. Multiple regression analysis was applied for data analysis using Windows SPSS 11.5. Results: The former and current smokers overestimated the peer smoking prevalence. Multiple regression analysis for estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the male showed that the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those students whose mothers had a higher educational level, who had smoked more frequently, who had more best friends smoking, and who had a higher actual smoking rate of the class. For estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the female, the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those who smoked more frequently, whose five best friends smoked, who had higher actual smoking rate of the class, and who had smoking siblings. Conclusions: This study showed that a higher perceived peer smoking rate is related with their own smoking history and smoking frequency, the smoking related environment, and gender. Smoking prevention and smoking cessation programs need to focus on correcting the falsely perceived smoking prevalence.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3741-3745
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• 2014

Background: Emerging evidence implicates the platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) in many types of human solid tumors. We investigated whether PDGF-D plays an important role in endometrial cancer (EC) in relation to clinicopathologic phenotype, angiogenesis, and patient prognosis. Materials and Methods: We analyzed PDGF-D protein expression by Western blotting in twenty-seven human endometrial cancer tissues, and matched normal endometrial controls collected at the third Affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University during 2012-2013 (n=27). Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a human PDGF-D antibody on the endometrial cancer patients collected in the same facility during January 2001 and October 2013 (n=152). Patients were followed from the time of primary surgery in 2001-2013 until death or last follow-up. We correlated the PDGF-D expression levels with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis in human endometrial cancer patients. Results: Compared with matched normal endometrial cases, PDGF-D was up-regulated in endometrial cancer. Expression of PDGF-D protein, found in 78% of the cases, was associated with nonendometrioid histologic type (p=0.028), FIGO stage III/IV (p=0.039), >50% solid tumor growth (p=0.048), pelvic LN metastasis (p=0.035) and ER and PR negativity (p=0.04 and 0.002). PDGF-D expression was also significantly associated with expression of VEGF-A (p=0.021). In multivariate analysis, PDGF-D expression proved to be an independent prognostic factor in addition to histologic grade and FIGO stage. Patients with high expression levels of PDGF-D had a significantly poorer overall survival rate compared with patients with no expression. Conclusions: PDGF-D expression is frequently up-regulated in endometrial cancer, and is associated with aggressive features and poor prognosis.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.32-43
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• 2023

The worldwide use of polyurethane foam products generates large amounts of waste, which in turn has detrimental effects on the surroundings. Hence, finding an economical and environmentally friendly way to dispose of or recycle foam waste is an utmost priority for researchers to overcome this problem. In that sense, the glycolysis of waste flexible polyurethane foam (WFPF) from automotive seat cushions using different industrial-grade glycols and potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to produce recovered polyol was investigated. The effect of different molecular weight polyols, catalyst concentration, and material ratio (PU foam: Glycols) on the reaction conversion and viscosity of the recovered polyols was determined. The obtained recovered polyols are obtained as single or split-phase reaction products. Besides, the foaming characteristics and physical properties such as cell morphology, thermal stability, and compressive stress-strain nature of the regenerated flexible foams based on the recovered polyols were discussed. It was observed that the regenerated flexible foams displayed good seating comfort properties as a function of hardness, sag factor, and hysteresis loss compared to the reference virgin foam. With the growing demand for a sustainable and circular economy, a global valorization of glycolysis products from polyurethane scraps can be realized by transforming them into profitable substances.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-38
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• 1993

본 연구에서는 제철소에서 발생하는 전로 dust를 사용하여 심강법(분급)에 의한 철산화물을 분리하여 고순도의 철분말을 회수하였으며, 아래와 같은 결론을 얻었다. 가. 전로 dust의 물성 1) 재항의 1제강, 2제강 C/F(Clarifier) dust, 광장의 E/C(Evaporation coolar), dust, 중국강철공사(C.S.C) OM(Clarifier underflow) dust 금철분이 63~72%로 높고, Metal Fe 가 21~50% 함유되어 있으며, 기타 산화물로는 CaO, MgO, Al$_{2}O_{3}$, SiO$_{2}$ 등이 있다. 2) 재항의 1제강, 2제강 C/F dust, 광양의 E/C, E/P dust, 중국강철공사(C.S.C), OM(clarifier underflow) dust 입자의 형상은 청입이 주로 구형으로 응고된 모양이었으며, 일반적으로는 출립의 외각부는 magnetite, hematite 등으로 산화가 진해되어 있다. 3) 전로 dust 들에 대한 X-ray 회절분석결과, 재항의 1제강, 2제강, C/F dust, 광양의 E/C, E/P dust는 ${\alpha}$-Fe, FeO(wusute)가 중성분으로 존재하며 그 밖에 FE$_{3}O_{4}$9magnetite), Fe$_{2}O_{3}$ CaO가 소량으로 존재하고 있었으며, 중국강철공사(C.S.D) OM(underflow) dust는 ${\alpha}$-Fe, ${\alpha}Fe_{2}O_{3}$, graphite가 주성분으로 존재하며, 그 밖에 $Fe_{3}O_{4}$, Fe$_{2}O_{3}$, ZnO이 소량으로 존재하고 있었다. 4) 순수한 순철분말과 전로 dust를 구성하고 있는 순철은 마광에 따른 입자의 분쇄보다는 마광시 구형의 입자가 소성변형으로 인해 flake형상으로 변하여 체질입도분석시 입도의 증가를 초래하였으며, 반면 철산화물은 마광에 따른 입자의 미세화가 발생함을 볼 수 있었다. 나. 철분구 외수 실험 1) 광양의 dust를 40분간 마광하여 심강(분급)실험을 행했을 때 Fe 99.17% 품위 철분말을 37.8% 회수할 수 있었다. 2) 재항의 C/F dust를 40분간 마광하여 심강(분급)실험을 행했을 때 Fe 98.38% 품위의 철분말을 44.42% 회수할 수 있었다. 3) 70 gauss 자석을 사용하여 자력선별을 행했을 때 +65-200 mesh 사이에서 Fe 품위 98% 이상의 철분말을 회수 할 수 있으나 회수율(14%)이 낮다.